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Biol. 1110 Exam 3
Chapters 5, 7,8
79
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/15/2012

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Term
  • mRNA
Definition

single stranded; made up of 4 molecules similar to DNA called ribonucleic

  • Sugar-Phosphate Complex
  • Nitrogen Containing bases
Term
Process of Differentiation
Definition
  • occurs only once
  • cells select genes to express
  • determines cell identity
  • other genes turned off
Term
DNA is made of _____which is built from_____ ______ ____?
Definition

Nucleotides

  • Sugar molecules
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogen-Containing base
Term
Genome→_____→Genes→DNA→_____
Definition
Chromosomes, Nucleotides
Term
Protein Synthesis
Definition
  • the contruction of a protein from its amino acid through the process of Translation and Transcription
Term
Codon
Definition
Each three base sequence of mRNA
Term
Promoter site
Definition
A part of the DNA that indicates the start of the gene
Term
Termination Sequence
Definition
A sequence of bases on the DNA that signals the end of a gene
Term
Transfer RNA
Definition
Works to interpret mRNA code to match specific mRNA bases  an amino acid
Term
Anticodon
Definition
the three base sequence of tRNA that matches with an amino acid
Term
Genome
Definition
arrangement of DNA in an individual organism 
Term
Proteome
Definition
Collection of Proteins
Term
Deoxyyribonucleic Acid(DNA)
Definition
stores info that is important in guiding cell function
Term

Chromosome means_____, which is a double helix wrapped around a ______

 

 

 

Definition
Organized groups of DNA; Histone
Term
Gene
Definition
Sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, that holds the info required to produced a fuuntional product (usaually RNA)
Term
Allele
Definition
Alternate version of genes, keyed for the same features
Term
Trait
Definition
Characteristics or feature of an organism
Term
Genotype
Definition
actual genes and organism carries for a trait
Term
Phenotype
Definition
the physical structure behavior or function produces by a gene
Term
Introns
Definition
Regions of DNA between or within DNA that are not recognized to code or be expressed to create a protein
Term
Transcription
Definition
  • Converts DNA to mRNA
  • Occurs in Nucleus
  • Requires DNA template and RNA Polymerase
Term
Transciption Summary
Definition
Recognize and Bind-RNA Polymerase find promoter cite on DNA Sequence, it then binds there and begins to unwind to beable to read. Transcribe-As the DNA is read RNA polymerase builds a copy of the gene creating mRNA transcript.Terminate-RNA Polymerase reaches the termination sequence and stops creating the mRNA transcript, then it detaches and the mRNA strand is released and moves in to the cytoplasm. Capping and Editing-add caps and tails to protect mRNA and splices out introns.
Term
Translation
Definition
  • Convert mRNA to protein
  • Located in the cytoplasm
  • Requires ribosome, amino acid, tRNA
Term
Translation summary
Definition
Recognize and Initiate- Subunits of ribosomes find the start codon and assemble. first tRNA enters ribosome(always AUG)Elongate-the next tRNA enters the ribosome and the previos amino acid bonds with the next
Term
Types of RNA
Definition
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Term
mRNA Location and Funtions
Definition
In Nucleus, migrates to ribosomes in cytoplasm. Carries DNA sequence information to ribosomes
Term
tRNA Location and Functions
Definition
Cytoplasm, Provides linkage between mRNA and amino acid; transfers amino acids to ribosomes
Term
rRNA Location and Functions
Definition
Cytoplasm, Structural component of ribosomes
Term

How is Translation Regulated?

Definition

The lifespan of the mRNA dictates how much protein can be produced from the mRNA

 

After mRNA degrades, a new transcript must be made if we

want to produce the protein again

Term
Mutation
Definition
is a change in DNA that changes mRNA and may alter Protein produces in the gene
Term
Point Mutation
Definition
Happens when one nucleotide pair in the DNA is replaced with another or a base pair is inserted or deleted
Term
Frame Shift Mutation
Definition
happens when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted changing the DNA coding
Term
Chromosomal Aberrations
Definition
the change to the organization of a gene on a chromosome that can be a result of a insertion or deletion of an entire part of an DNA,
Term
what is the purpose of Trascription
Definition
to make a copy of the DNA
Term

 

Since DNA provides information to make proteins, why is RNA needed?
Definition
to deal with the location issue; DNA is in the nucleus and proteins are made in the cytoplasm
Term
Blood cells and muscle cells make different proteins because:
Definition
even though they both have the same genes, they express different genes
Term
Down's syndrome is also called trisomy 21.  This means:
Definition
there are 3 chromosomes in the 21st pair due to a mistake during meiosis
Term
A 42 year old woman becomes pregnant.  Her physician recommends an amniocentesis (a test for fetal chromosomal disorders).  When the results are analyzed by the lab, it is determined that the fetus has 45 chromosomes.
Definition
This is caused by a nondisjunction that occurred during gamete formation.  One of the chromosomes did not separate properly and one of the gametes was lacking a chromosome (22).   When this gamete was fertilized by a normal gamete (23 chromosomes) the result was a monosomy (an individual with 45 chromosomes).
Term
When the woman and her husband consult a genetic counselor, they are told that this problem is likely to have occurred in the woman’s egg cells as opposed to her 50 year old husband’s sperm cells.  Explain why?

Definition
The eggs in a female are the age of the female.  With age, the cells can be damaged.  They have also been in an arresting period for a long time.  In men, sperm do not age because old sperm are degraded and replaced.
Term
Biotechnology
Definition
using living organisms and their molecules for practical benifits
Term
Monosomy
Definition

an embryo missing a chromosome

Ex. X_ AKA Turner's Syndrome

Term
Trisomy
Definition

an embryo with and extra chromosome

EX.Trisomy 21 AKA Down Syndrome (3 Chromosomes)

Term
Genetic Engineering
Definition
The manipulation of the genetic material of an organism by adding, removing, or transplanting genes from on living thing to another
Term
Selective Breeding
Definition
combination of the same species to obatain a desired trait in the offspring
Term
Gene Therapy
Definition
A functional gene is inserted in cells to replace the dyfunctional one
Term
Human Genome Project
Definition
a project that worked to map out and decode 3 million base pairs and identify all the genes in humans
Term
DNA Fingerprinting
Definition
the use of DNA strands from Body tissue to identify a suspect or match
Term

Three Major Applications of Biotechnology:

and for what reasons are they used?

Definition

Agriculture, Improve food quality/nutrition, Increase crop yield, animal health

 

Medical:Vaccines, Diagnostics, Pharmaceuticals

Environmental: bioremedication, monitoring, prevention of pollution

 

Term
Step 1 of Biotechnology: Chopping up
Definition
DNA is cut up into smaller pieces using a restriction enzyme
Term
Step 2 of Biotechnology: Amplify
Definition
The Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) is done by heating DNA to seperate it to make it single strand then cooling it and using DNA Polymerase to add free nucleotides. (DNA able to replicate many times)
Term
Step 3 of Biotechnology: Insert
Definition
transgenic organism is created when genes are transferred from one species to another. Plasmids are inserted into the organisms genome
Term
Step 4 of Biotechnology: Grow
Definition
once DNA is inserted in to a cell it creates a clone every time the cell divides. All of the clones genetic makeup creates the clone /gene library
Term
Step 5 of Biotechnology: Identify
Definition
Hybridization which uses a short sequence of single stranded DNA, known as a DNA probe, and has some modified nucleotides that carry radioactive elements, organizes the clone library.
Term
GMO
Definition

Genetically Modified Organismd

Ex: Corn, Cotton, Soybeans, Turkey

Term
Insect Resistance(Agricultural)
Definition
using the genetic coding to produce Bt crystals in crops to kill pests that try to eat them
Term
Herbicide Resistance(Agricultural)
Definition
by inserting genes from bacteria that are resistant to herbicides in to crops so that the herbicides can be sprayed to kill weeds, but not the crops.
Term
Faster Growth and Bigger Bodies(Agricultural)
Definition
Animals are injected with genes to grow faster and larger.
Term
Stem Cells(Medical)
Definition
cells that have not differentiated abd have the ability to divide repeatedly. 
Term
Types of Stem Cells
Definition
  1. Totipotent-form new individuals
  2. Pluripotent-can transform in to a variety of cells.
  3. Multipotent-already partially differentiated.
Term
Cloning
Definition
the production of a genetically identical copy of a cell or organism.
Term
Therapeutic Cloning
Definition
The cloning is stopped at a specific point so that the cells can be used.
Term
Reproductive Cloning
Definition
cells continued to divide in order to grow in to an organism
Term
Regenerative Medicine
Definition

used to create new products to improve tissue function or replace diseased or damaged tissue.

EX. wake forest creates synthetic bladders, organ donation requires immune system respones to be depressed so that the new organ or tissues are not rejected.

Term
Heredity
Definition
the consequences of passing traits from parent to offspring
Term
Single-gene Traits
Definition
traits carried on one gene
Term
Cross
Definition
Breeding of organisms that carry different traits
Term
True-Breeding
Definition
Breeding organisms with similar traits so that offspring have share that trait.
Term
Punnett square
Definition
a tool used to find the probability of passing on or recieving a trait
Term
Dominant
Definition
Primary traitthat can mask the recessive
Term
Recessive
Definition
the secondary trait only expressed if the primary trait was not inherited
Term
Homozygous
Definition
two of the same alleles for a gene
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
two different alleles for a gene
Term
Carriers
Definition
an organism that is heterozygous for a trait
Term
Mendel's Law of Segregation
Definition
out of each individual two copies of a gene only one will be in each gamete
Term
Normal Dominant/Recessive (Single Gene)
Definition
One allele is completely dominant over a recessive one
Term
Multiple alleles (Single Gene)
Definition

There is more than two alleles to choose from in the gene pool.

EX. Blood Type

Term
Incomplete Dominance (Single Gene)
Definition

Only applies to heterozygous individuals and occurs when the two different alleles both try to be expressed resulting in an intermediate phenotype

EX: R red y yellow Ry=orange

Term
Codominance (Single Gene)
Definition

In a heterozygous individual when two different alleles are fully expressed

EX: Type AB blood type

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