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BIOL101 Exam 2
VCU, Professor Hill
80
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/04/2015

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Term
Robert Hooke
Definition
Discovered the cell
Term
Cell Theory
Definition
All living things are made from cells, and arise from pre-existing cells.
Term
Robert Hooke
Definition
Discovered the cell
Term
Cell Theory
Definition
All living things are made up of cells, and arise from pre-existing cells.
Term
Cell Membrane
Definition
"Gatekeepers" of the cell
Term
Phospholipids in the cell
Definition
Hydrophilic face out, hydrophobic face in.
Term
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition
Chloride ions build up in the cell membrane
Term
Beta Blockers
Definition
Bind to receptors and proteins and prevent adrenaline from binding to the cell.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
The membrane surrounds and engulfs other particles.
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
The membrane brings in much smaller vesicles.
Term
Extracellular Fluid
Definition
Watery fluid outside of the cell.
Term
Intracellular Fluid
Definition
Watery fluid inside of the cell.
Term
Lipids inside of the membrane are called...
Definition
Sterols
Term
Carbohydrates are...
Definition
Short, branched, hydrophilic chains.
Term
Transmembrane protein
Definition
A membrane protein that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
Moderates fluidity and flexibility
Term
Receptor proteins
Definition
Receive external chemicals to regulate cell process
Term
Carbohydrate chains provide a ___ for the cell.
Definition
Fingerprint
Term
Recognition Proteins..
Definition
Analyzes the fingerprint of the cell, foreign cells are attacked. Ex: Organ transplant failure.
Term
Clusters of Differentiation
Definition
CD Markers. Cells in the body have CD4 Markers. Necessary for a healthy immune system.
Term
Transport Proteins
Definition
Passageway for the molecules to travel in and out of the cell.
Term
Enzymatic proteins
Definition
Accelerate intracellular and extracellular reaction on the plasma membrane.
Term
Animal and plant cells are what type of cell?
Definition
Eukaryotic cells
Term
Nucleus
Definition
The largest and most prominent organelle in most eukaryotes.
Term
Functions of the Nucleus
Definition
Genetic control center, stores hereditary information.
Term
Nuclear Membrane
Definition
Two bilayers covered in pores that surround the Nucleus.
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
Near the center of the nucleus, where subunits of the Ribosomes are assembled.
Term
Chromatin
Definition
Extended DNA. Long, thin, fibers with some proteins attached.
Term
Eukaryotic Cells have been around for how long?
Definition
~2 Billion Years
Term
Organelles
Definition
Compartments with specialized functions
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
The inner "scaffolding" of the cell. Provides shape and support, controls intracellular traffic, and enables movement.
Term
The three types of protein fibers in the Cytoskeleton are...
Definition
Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate filaments.
Term
Cilia
Definition
Hair-like organelles, that moves fluids past cells.
Term
Flagella
Definition
Hair-like organelles, that moves the cell itself.
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Converts energy from food into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
Term
Matrix
Definition
Space inside inner membrane.
Term
Inter-Membrane Space
Definition
Space between inner and outer membrane.
Term
Mitochondria parts are...
Definition
DNA, matrix, outer membrane, inner membrane, and inter-membrane space.
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Round, membrane-enclosed, acid-filled vesicles. The "garbage disposal" of the cell.
Term
The Theory of Endosymbiosis
Definition
Ancestral eukaryote engulfs ancestral prokaryote and then merge. Over time, the engulfed prokaryote evolves in an organelle.
Term
Evidence supporting Endosymbiosis
Definition
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are 1) Similar to prokaryotes in size and divide by fission. 2) Have their own ribosomes. 3) Have their own circular DNA.
Term
Invagination
Definition
The plasma membrane of an ancestral eukaryote folds in on itself to create organelles.
Term
Prokaryotic Cell
Definition
Has no Nucleus, and the DNA is located in the center of the cell.
Term
Prokaryotes have been around for...?
Definition
~3.5 Billion Years
Term
Pili
Definition
Hair-like projections that help cells attach to other services.
Term
Cell Wall
Definition
Provides structural support for the cell, even when interior is compromised by water.
Term
Plasmodesmata
Definition
Allow water and other molecules to pass between adjacent cells.
Term
Vacuoles
Definition
Store nutrients, retain/degrades waste products, has a lot of water, grabs up poison, has pigments, and provides support.
Term
Chloroplast are where ____ occurs.
Definition
Photosynthesis
Term
Thylakoids are...
Definition
Flattened, sac-like membranes that are stacked on top of one another called granum. The site of photosynthesis.
Term
The Endomembrane system...
Definition
produces and modifies molecules to be sent to other parts of the organism.
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum...
Definition
Modifies proteins that are sent to other locations in the organism.
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies molecules to be sent to other locations, detoxifies alcohol, antibiotics, amphetamines, barbiturates, and other stimulants.
Term
With organs has a lot of smooth ER?
Definition
The Liver
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules to be sent to other locations. Makes carbohydrates.
Term
Tight Junctions
Definition
Continuous, water-tight seals around cells. Important in the small intestine.
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
Hold cells together but are not water-tight. Found in tissue-lining cavities.
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
Pores surrounded by special proteins that form open channels between two cells.
Term
Contact Inhibition
Definition
When cells don't communicate, they don't realize when they're bumping into each other.
Term
Tumors
Definition
Cells keep growing and multiplying because of contact inhibition.
Term
Plasmodesmata
Definition
Tube-like channels connecting the cells to each other and enabling communication and transport between them.
Term
Biofuel
Definition
Derived from plants.
Term
Both biofuels and fossil fuels have...
Definition
chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms, animal fats and oils.
Term
Energy is...
Definition
The capacity to do work.
Term
Work is...
Definition
Moving matter against an opposing force.
Term
Two ways of producing energy are...
Definition
To build and break bonds.
Term
Potential Energy is...
Definition
The capacity to do work that results from the location or position of an object (stored energy).
Term
Concentration gradients are a type of ____ energy.
Definition
Potential
Term
Chemical energy is...
Definition
Energy stored in chemical bonds.
Term
Kinetic energy is...
Definition
Energy in motion; Heat, light energy.
Term
As energy is captured and converted, the amount of energy available to do work ____.
Definition
Decreases
Term
The kinetic energy will _____ be greater than the potential energy.
Definition
Never
Term
Only about _% of the sun's energy is captured and converted into chemical energy by plants.
Definition
1
Term
Thermodynamics is...
Definition
The study of the transformation of energy from one form to another.
Term
The first law of thermodynamics is...
Definition
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form.
Term
The simplified Second Law of Thermodynamics is...
Definition
Every conversion of energy includes the transformation of some energy into heat.
Term
Heat is ______ to living organisms.
Definition
Almost completely useless.
Term
ATP is...
Definition
Adenosine triphosphate; A nucleotide that is like free-floating batteries in all living organisms. The major energy currency of a cell.
Term
Parts of an ATP molecule are...
Definition
Adenosine, Ribose, and Phosphate Groups.
Term
Phosphate Groups
Definition
High energy bonds holds phosphates with the same charge together.
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