Shared Flashcard Set

Details

BIOL 224
Jackson Lecture Exam 3
107
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/25/2010

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
respiratory system function
Definition
O2 in, CO2 out, homeostasis of pH, olfaction, phonation
Term
eppiglottis
Definition
flap that folds down to close the opening to the larynx when we swallow
Term
vocal ligaments
Definition
stretch across the larynx and vibrate to create sound
Term
thyroid cartilage
Definition
cartilage that vocal ligaments are attatched to, testosterone effects growth of this cartilage and creates deeper sound and adams apple
Term
larynx
Definition
beginning of air pathway in throat
Term
laryngeopharynx
Definition
area past oropharynx where the pathway splits to larynx and esophogus
Term
trachea
Definition
air passageway that branches into primary bronchi, cartilage rings hold open
Term
primary bronchi
Definition
branch right and left from trachea, have cartilage plates that keep it open
Term
secondary bronchi
Definition
branch from primary bronchi
Term
tertiary bronchi
Definition
"segmental bronchi", branch from secondary bronchi to the bronchioles
Term
pulmonary arteries
Definition
from right ventricle of heart to right and left primary bronchi, branch to lobar arteries
Term
lobar arteries
Definition
located in secondary bronchi, branch to segmental arteries
Term
segmental arteries
Definition
located in segmental bronchi, branch to pulmonary arterioles
Term
pulmonary arterioles
Definition
located in bronchioles, terminate in pulmonary capillary beds
Term
pulmonary capillary beds
Definition
surround alveoli and facilitate gas exchange in lungs
Term
pulmonary venuoles
Definition
located in bronchioles, bring oxygenated blood from pulmonary capillaries to segmental veins
Term
segmental veins
Definition
located in segmental bronchi, converge to lobar veins
Term
lobar veins
Definition
located in secondary bronchi, converge to pulmonary veins
Term
pulmonary veins
Definition
originate in primary right and left bronchi and converge to the left atrium of the heart
Term
bronchioles
Definition
branch from segmental bronchi, contain no cartilage, only smooth muscle, able to dialate and constrict
Term
alveoli
Definition
pockets in lungs where gas exchange occurs
Term
bronchopulmonary segment
Definition
segment of lung that comes from each segmental bronchus, can be removed without effecting other segments
Term
plural cavity
Definition
cavity surrounding lungs
Term
endothoracic fascia
Definition
fascia lining the endothoracic cavity
Term
parietal plura
Definition
layer of "plural cavity" fused to the endothoracic plura
Term
visceral plura
Definition
layer of "plural cavity" fused to surface of lung
Term
ventilation
Definition
physical movement of air in and out of lungs
Term
forced inspiration
Definition
scalene muscles and intercostal muscles raise ribs and make endothoracic cavity larger
Term
forced expiration
Definition
contract abdominal muscles which increases pressure in abdominal cavity pushing on diaphragm and making endothoracic cavity smaller
Term
tidal breathing
Definition
normal breathing
Term
pulmonary volume
Definition
(tidal volume) x (respiratory rate) = pulmonary volume
Term
anatomic dead space
Definition
area in repiratory tube where no gas exchange occurs
Term
alveolar ventilation
Definition
(tidal volume - anatomic dead space) x (respiratory rate) = alveolar respiration
Term
respiratory membrane
Definition
membrane surounding alveloi consisting of type 1 alveolar cells, basement membrane and endothelial cells of capillaries
Term
type 1 alveolar cells
Definition
epithelial cells lining alveolus
Term
type 2 alveolar cells
Definition
large epithelial cell that secretes surfactant in alveolus
Term
surfactant
Definition
like detergent, breaks up surface tension of water in alveolus
Term
daltons law
Definition
law of partial pressure 79%-N2 21%-O2 1%-CO2
Term
nitrogen narcosis
Definition
increased pressure in deep sea pushes nitrogen into blood stream and causes euphoric feeling in divers which makes them stay under too long
Term
herring brower reflex
Definition
stops from over expanding lungs to point of rupture
Term
apneustic center
Definition
ganglion in the pons that stimulates prolonged inspiration and deeper breathing
Term
pnemotaxic center
Definition
terminates inspiration, stimulated by stretch receptors in the alveoli, responsible for herring bower refelx
Term
dorsal group ganglion
Definition
responsible for quiet respiration and basic rythmn of breathing, recieves messages from both apneustic center and pnemotaxic center, sends signal throught phrenic nerve to diaphragm
Term
ventral group ganglion
Definition
stimulates somatic enervation for foreced inspiration
Term
corotid body
Definition
chemoreceptor in corotid artery with O2 and H+ receptors, signals carried by CN IX
Term
aortic body
Definition
chemoreceptor in aorta with O2 and H+ receptors, signals carried by CN X
Term
central receptors
Definition
located in medulla oblongata, O2 CO2 and H+ receptors
Term
gastric glands
Definition
secrete gastric juice
Term
chyme
Definition
semi liquid paste made of saliva and food
Term
monosacharrides
Definition
absorbable sugar - glucose, galactose, fructose
Term
sucrose
Definition
disacharride - glucose + fructose
Term
lactose
Definition
disacharride - glucose + galactose
Term
maltose
Definition
disacharride - glucose + glucose
Term
sucrase
Definition
enzyme that breaks up sucrose
Term
lactase
Definition
enzyme that breaks up lactose
Term
maltase
Definition
enzyme that breaks up maltose
Term
amylose
Definition
polysacharride, starch- plants, only one we can digest
Term
cellulose
Definition
structural polysacharride
Term
glycogen
Definition
animal polysacharride
Term
chitin
Definition
insect exoskeleton polysacharride
Term
salivary amylase
Definition
starts to break down starch in oral cavity
Term
pancreatic amylase
Definition
fixed enzymes attached to apical surfaces of o cells in duodenum that break down sucrose lactose and maltose
Term
protease
Definition
enzymes that break down protiens by targeting specific amino peptide bonds
Term
pepsinogen
Definition
protease in stomach that becomes activated by acidic environment (pH 1) to become pepsin, secreted by cheif cells of the stomach
Term
enterokynase
Definition
fixed enzyme in duodenum that acts on tryspsinogen to make trypsin
Term
trypsinogen
Definition
protease that becomes trypsin when in presence of enterokynase, breaks the peptide bonds involving arginine or lysine
Term
chymotrypsinogen
Definition
protease that becomes chymotrypsin which will break peptide bonds involving tyrosine or phenylalanine
Term
procarboxypeptidase
Definition
protease that becomes carboxypeptidase, will remove amino acid with exposed carboxyl group
Term
aminopeptidase
Definition
fixed protease in small intestine that binds to free amino group and removes that amino acid
Term
dipeptidase
Definition
fixed protease in small intestine that binds to a 2-aminoacid fragment and split it
Term
lipase
Definition
ezyme that breaks down triglycerides into a monoglyceride and 2 free fatty acids, can only work on surface area of lipid droplets
Term
emulsification
Definition
when phospholipids act on lipid droplets so they can not bind together to form larger droplets in order to digest them
Term
micells
Definition
tiny lipid droplets small enough that lipase can act on all triglycerides in droplet and break down into absorbable form
Term
lingual lipase
Definition
lipase secreted into oral cavity
Term
pancreatic lipase
Definition
lipase secreted into duodenum
Term
FFA
Definition
free fatty acid
Term
water absorbtion
Definition
intake aprox 2000 mLs/ day through diet, 1500 saliva, 1500 gastric, 4000 small intestine, 9000 mLs total in GI tract, re-absorb 8850 mLs in intestine, 150 mLs leave as feces
Term
saliva
Definition
contains NaHCO3 (Na+ and HCO3 bicarbonate), salivary amylase, lingual lipase, H20, and mucus, parasymp increases all but mucus by CN VII & IX, symp increases mucus
Term
gastric juice
Definition
contains mucus, pepsinogen, HCl (H+ & Cl-), intrinsic factor B12
Term
parietal cells
Definition
cells in lining of stomach that take in Cl- from blood and pump HCO3 into blood, and pump H+ and Cl- into lumen, stimulated by gastrin secreted by G cells and histamine released by mast cells in stretch receptors of stomach
Term
cephalic phase
Definition
stimulated by parasymp CN X when we smell, taste or think of food, stimulates parietal cells, cheif cells, and G cells to prepare stomach for food
Term
G cells
Definition
cells in stomach that secrete Gastrin, a hormone that increases motility in GI tract
Term
myenteric plexus
Definition
nerve cells in wall of GI tract, contain both stretch receptors and chemoreceptors, when activated will cause stimulation of parietal cells, cheif cells and G cells as well as "mixing waves"
Term
gastrin
Definition
hormone secreted by G cells, will act on motility in GI tract as well as parietal cells and chief cells
Term
gastric phase
Definition
when food or drink enters the stomach and acts on myenteric plexus to increase digestion and motility
Term
amino peptide receptors
Definition
in myenteric plexus, detect amino acids and stimulate gastric phase of digestion
Term
intestinal phase
Definition
phase when material enters the duodenum and stimulates H+, nutrient and stretch receptors which releases GIP to inhibit gastric phase
Term
bile
Definition
contains H2O, NaHCO3, bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol and iron, contstantly secreted by hepatocytes in bladder and stored in gallbladder until lipid intake
Term
gallbladder
Definition
stores excess bile until needed for digestion
Term
gallstones
Definition
cholesterol that crystalizes to form stones, small-no problem, will pass through, big-no prob will stay in gallbladder, medium-problem can go into duct and get stuck causing lots of pain!
Term
CCK
Definition
cholecytokinin, release stimulated by carb and lipid receptors in small intestine, stimulates contraction of gallbladder and increased pancreatic juice enzymes
Term
pancreatic juice
Definition
H2O, NaHCO3, Enzymes- amylase, lipase, protease, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease
Term
gastroilleal reflex
Definition
stomach distention stimulates motility in illium
Term
gastrocolic reflex
Definition
stomach distenstion stimulates motility in the colon
Term
vitamin A
Definition
lipid soluble, deificient- retarded growth, night blindness, deterioration of epithelial membranes
Term
vitamin D
Definition
steroids- lipid soluble, deficient- rickets, skeletal deterioration
Term
vitamin E
Definition
tocopherols- lipid soluble, deficient- anemia, other problems
Term
vitamin K
Definition
lipid soluble, deficient- bleeding disorders
Term
vitamin B1
Definition
thiamine- water soluble, deficient- muscle weakness, CNS and cardiovascular problems incuding heart disease called beriberi
Term
vitamin B2
Definition
riboflavin- water soluble, deficient- epithelial and mucosal deterioration
Term
niacin
Definition
nicotinic acid- water soluble, deficient- CNS, GI, epithelial and mucosal deterioration called pellagra
Term
vitamin B5
Definition
pantothenic acid- water soluble, deficient- retarded growth, CNS disturbances
Term
vitamin B6
Definition
pyridoxyne- water soluble, deficient- retarded growth, anemia, convulsions, epithelial changes
Term
folate
Definition
folic acid- water soluble, deficient- retarded growth, anemia, GI disorders, developmental abnormalities
Term
vitamin B12
Definition
coblamin- water soluble, deficient- impaired RBC production causing pernicious anemia
Term
biotin
Definition
water soluble, deficient- fatigue, muscular pain, nausea, dermatitis
Term
vitamin C
Definition
ascorbic acid- water soluble, deficient- epithelial and mucosal deterioration, scurvy
Supporting users have an ad free experience!