Shared Flashcard Set

Details

BIOL 224
Jackson Lecture Exam 2
101
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/01/2010

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
erythrocytes
Definition
Red Blood Cells
no nucleus
transport O2 and CO2
Term
leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells
immune cells
Term
thrombocytes
Definition
platelets
clotting
Term
plasma
Definition
55% of bloods total volume, 90% water, 7% protiens, 3% (fibrinogen, glucose & ions)
Term
colloidal suspension
Definition
protiens "suspended" in blood, carry non H2O soluble "stuff"
Term
albumin
Definition
60% of protien in blood, low specificity, high capacity, binds anything! major player in BOP
Term
globulins
Definition
35% of protien in blood, specific transport protiens, high specificity, low capacity, carries lipids hormones and metals
Term
immunoglobulins
Definition
antibodies
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
inside rbc binds O2 and CO2 made of 4 protien subunits and 4 heme groups, 300 million/RBC
Term
heme group
Definition
cross thingy with single iron molecule in the middle that binds O2 and CO2, 4 in each Hb molecule, pigment +O2-bright red -O2 blue/purple
Term
oxyhemoglobin
Definition
most O2 97-98% is carried bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin, responsible for "carrying capacity"
Term
carbaminohemoglobin
Definition
30-35 % of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin, most CO2 in blood travels as HCO3
Term
carbonic anhydrase
Definition
enzyme which speeds up the binding of H2O and CO2 to make H2CO3
Term
HCO3
Definition
most CO2 in blood travels as this, happens when H+ comes off of H2CO3, moves out of capillaries through antiport transport
Term
antiport transport
Definition
exchange of Cl- and HCO3 across capillary membranes
Term
Cl- shift
Definition
in systemic capillaries HCO3 pumps out and Cl- pumps in, in pulmonary capillaries HCO3 pumps in and Cl- pumps out
Term
hemocytoblast
Definition
stem cell in bone marrow which will undergo mitosis to become another hemocytoblast and a commited cell which will become a proerythrocyte, a megakaryocyte or a lymphoblast, parent cell for ALL blood cells
Term
proerythroblast
Definition
first step of commited cell from mitosis of hemocytoblast, undergoes erythropoiesis to become a reticulocyte
Term
erythropoiesis
Definition
the process of forming a reticulocyte from a proerythroblast, hemoglobin synthesis occurs during erythropoiesis
Term
reticulocyte
Definition
blood cell released from bone marrow into blood stream, stays at this stage for 24 hours, % of total RBC's is about .8%
Term
transferrin
Definition
transports iron from macrophages where old RBC's are digested back to bone marrow to make new RBC's and also to the liver, then bile, then GI tract then disposal
Term
biliverdin
Definition
heme group that is stripped of iron in the macrophage and becomes green pigment
Term
bilirubin
Definition
converted from biliverdin, yellow pigment, binds to albumin to be transported to the liver and gets dumped into bile and into the GI tract where it becomes urobilins and stercobilins
Term
urobilins
Definition
converted from bilirubin by bacteria, some re-absorbed into blood stream, some excreted as urine, yellow
Term
stercobilins
Definition
converted from bilirubin by bacteria, excreted in feces, brown
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
process of making blood
Term
erythropoietin
Definition
chemical made in the kidney that will stimulate erythropoiesis when it detects a decreased carrying capacity
Term
anemia
Definition
decreased erythrocytes, both high and low reticulocyte % can indicate anemia, high results from low RBC which stimulates erythropoiesis, low results from low iron and low b12 unable to make Hb
Term
high altitude
Definition
low O2 initally results in low oxy-Hb which stimulates kidneys to produce erythropoietin which will stimulate reticulocyte production in bone marrow resulting in a higher RBC
Term
chemo therapy
Definition
kills every cell undergoing mitosis, interferes with erythropoiesis
Term
erythroblastosis fetalis
Definition
when a mother with Rh- has made antibodies to Rh+ blood and the antibodies attack the new fetus with Rh+ blood
Term
rhogam
Definition
anti Rh antibodies injected into the mother so that she will not produce her own
Term
megakaryocyte
Definition
results from commited cell from hemocytoblast undergoing thrombopoiesis, 180um, VERY BIG, will pinch of little pieces of its self to make platelets
Term
platelets
Definition
tiny cell fragments, 6-8um, 6-10 day lifespan, have sticky glycoprotien collegen fibers coming off of them that will "activate" platelets
Term
platelet acvtivation
Definition
release Ca++, phospolipids and stimulate smooth muscle contraction
Term
thromboxane A2
Definition
will bind to activated platelets to stimulate the activation of other platelets
Term
vascular phase
Definition
localized smooth muscle contraction at vessel injury site, lasts about 30 min
Term
platelet plug
Definition
clump of platelets that stop a vessel from bleeding out
Term
thromboplastin
Definition
Factor III
Term
fibrinolysis
Definition
plasminogen becomes plasmin when exposed to Active XII and Thrombin
Term
fibrin
Definition
fibers that will make mesh work in vessel to stop bleeding
Term
thrombus
Definition
fixed clot in vessel
Term
embolus
Definition
loose clot in vessel, arterial is not threatening and will probably break up as blood vessels become smaller, venous can cause problems in lungs and brain or cause stroke
Term
tonsils
Definition
lymph organs in the throat area, exposed to everything that goes into the mouth and nose, food, drink, air
Term
lymph nodules
Definition
lymph organ found in GI tract
Term
spleen
Definition
lymph organ, major filtering organ
Term
thymus
Definition
lymph organ superior and ventral to the heart, largest in proportion to body size as an infant
Term
immunosurvailance
Definition
evvery bit of fluid will pass through each lymph node so immune cells are located in lymph nodes
Term
non specific immune system
Definition
just there, innate
Term
specific immune system
Definition
attacks specific pathogens
Term
non-spec barrier
Definition
skin, mucous
Term
non spec pos. flow
Definition
flushing system, urithera, vagina, anal canal
Term
non spec chemical
Definition
lysozyme- will attack and kill any bacteria found in saliva sweat and tears, H+ acid- stomach, vagina
Term
non spec endog. bact
Definition
compete against pathogenic bacteria
Term
non spec phagocytes
Definition
eat everything!
Term
neutrophil
Definition
wbc, will move toward infection and tissue damage due to chemical signals, chemotaxis
Term
macrophage
Definition
located in tissue, will move toward infection via chemotaxis, will phagocytize anything and hold on to things it can not break down
Term
chemotaxis
Definition
will move toward a chemical
Term
diapedesis
Definition
neutrophil binds to capillary and crawls out into interstitial fluid
Term
interleukin 1
Definition
released by macrophage to cause chemotaxis of neutrophils and macrophages
Term
pyrogen
Definition
chemical that turns off the set point for thermoregulation, causes rise in temperature which speeds up all chemical reactions and immune system, causes fever
Term
natural killer cell
Definition
NK cell, lymphocytes, travel all over the body all the time, attack all non-self antigens by binding to them and using perforin to pierce holes in the cytoplasm and lyse the cell
Term
perforin
Definition
released by golgi app. of nk cell to damage cells with non-self antigens
Term
interferons
Definition
secreted by virally infected cells, will bind to other cells which will make anti-viral protiens
Term
alpha-interferon
Definition
attract nk cells
Term
gamma-interferon
Definition
increase macrophage activity
Term
complement
Definition
protien that can be activated to make active compliment
Term
membrane attack complex
Definition
when active compliment comes together in a flower pattern and punch a hole in the cells wall and lyses cell
Term
opsonization
Definition
active compliment surrounds a cell and attracts phagocytes like ketchup! will make the phagocytes eat them
Term
puss
Definition
ruptured phagocytes that have eaten too much bacteria
Term
mast cell
Definition
cell in loose conn tissue which when disturbed will degranulate and cause inflammatory response
Term
histamine
Definition
granule in mast cell that when released will cause dialation of local arterioles (redness and heat) increased perm of cap (plasma prot leave blood, lowers BOP raises IFOP localized edema, protiens bind to nociceptors and cause pain
Term
heparine
Definition
granule in mast cell that when released prevents localized clotting
Term
cytokynes
Definition
released when mast cell degranulates, attract neutorphils and macrophages, activates compliment increases inflamm, increases fibroblast activity, helps break down and rebuild conn tissue, too much can cause scar tissue
Term
eosinophil
Definition
(5% wbc) granulocyte that will stain with eosin, phagocyte, secretes toxic compounds, attacks large multicellular parasites, produces antihistamines which limit allergic reactions
Term
basophil
Definition
(1% wbc) granulocyte that will stain with basic, granules contain histamine and heparine, will increase local inflammation
Term
neutrophil
Definition
(60% wbc) granulocyte that will stain with neutral, polymorphonuclearleukocyte, phagocyte will eat bacteria
Term
monocyte
Definition
(8% wbc) agranulocyte that only stays in blood cell for 24 hours before becoming a macrophage, large
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
(25-30% wbc) agranulocyte, nk cells, b-cells and t-cells
Term
antigen
Definition
protien marker on surface of cell
Term
b-cells
Definition
batman! throws antibodies, humeral immune response, antibody mediated immune response
Term
t-cells
Definition
t-rex! attacks directly, cell mediated immune response
Term
lymphoblast
Definition
commited cell of a hemocytoblast which will become a lymphocyte
Term
negative selection
Definition
the shutting down of every "self responder" cell
Term
antigen presenting cell
Definition
macrophages will digest a pathogen and present its antigen along with MHC-2 on the surface
Term
MHC-2 receptor
Definition
found on t-4 cells, will bind to antigen presenting macrophage (which will release interleukin I) and release interleukin II
Term
MHC-1
Definition
major histocompatability complex, "self marker"
Term
variable region
Definition
area of an antibody that will bind to a specific antigen
Term
IgG
Definition
circulating antibodies that cross the placenta during gestation
Term
IgA
Definition
exocrine antibodies excreted in saliva and breast milk
Term
IgE
Definition
binds to mast cells and will produce an allergic response when it comes in contact with the antigen
Term
IgM
Definition
primary antibodies, blood type antibodies
Term
IgD
Definition
b-cell receptor
Term
immune
Definition
enough memory b-cells to kill a pathogen before symptoms occur
Term
clonal expansion
Definition
when T-8 cells come into contact with a cell that presents both MHC-1 and antigen like viraly infected cells and cancer cells (2x exposure + IL-2) will undergo clonal expansion and make memory t8 cells
Term
lymphotoxin
Definition
secreted by cytotoxic t-cells, chops up dna
Term
cytotoxic t-cells
Definition
will bind to target and release perforin and lymphotoxin
Term
natural active imm
Definition
exposed to organism naturally and built an immune defense
Term
artificial active imm
Definition
artificial exposure to antigen and built an immune defense
Term
natural passive immunity
Definition
being delivered antibodies like from mother to fetus or in breast milk, brief
Term
artificial passive imm
Definition
inject antibodies to help take care of infection, does not produce lasting immunity (rhogam)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!