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BIOL 208 Quiz 5
Respiration, Worms, Circulation
26
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/17/2012

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Term
Describe the following Respiratory organs:

1. Lungs
2. Gills
Definition
1. a. surface area (amp-rept-birds-mam)
b. air flow
-two way in most vertabrates; one way in birds (air sacs)
2. counter- current circulation=efficiency
Term
Describe the following Respiratory organs:

1. Book Lungs
2. Book gills
3. Trachael
4. Cutaneous
Definition
1. lung like, but simple book structure
ex. spiders, scorpions
2. aquatic respiration, simple book structure
ex. horse shoe crabs
3. branching tubes directly to cells
-spiracles (openings) -> tracheoles (tubes)
ex. insects
4. epithelial
ex. porifera, cnidaria, worms, some amphibians
Term
Describe the flow of air in a mammalian system
Definition
nose-pharynx-larynx-trachea-lungs-bronchioles-alveolar duct-alveoli
Term
How is the air treated in the respiratory system?
Definition
1. warmed (via capillaries)
2. filtered
3. moistened
Term
Describe the breathing mechanism and coordination
Definition
Mechanism:
1. inspiration- ribs rise/diaphragm drops
-chest cavity increases
-air pressure decreases and air moves in
2. expiration- process is reversed
*mammalian have a negative ventilation system
-amphibians have a positive

Coordination:
-H+ increases the acidity of cerebrospinal fluid
-brains medulla responds by increasing rate and depth of breathing
Term
Describe the structure of hemoglobin
Definition
-4 globin subunits
-4 iron heme groups with O2 affinity
-affinity for CO is 240x that of O2
Term
Describe the functioning of hemoglobin
Definition
1. O2 bound at the lungs (partial pressure and affinity=high)
2. O2 released at tissue (partial pressure and affinity=low)
3. vice verse for CO2
4. CO2 at tissues decrease hemoglobins affinity for O2 (Bohr Effect)
Term
Describe different types of hemoglobin

1. Muscle
2. Llama
3. Fetal
Definition
1. myoglobin-higher O2 affinity
-releases during O2 debt
2. higher O2 affinity to counter low O2 pressure at higher temperatures
3. greater affinity that adults because it must remove O2 from the mothers blood
Term
Describe the total transport proportions of O2 and CO2 in the blood
Definition
O2:
99% carried by hemoglobin
1% dissolved in plasma

CO2:
23% carried by hemoglobin
7% dissolved in plasma
70% in RBC cytoplasm (H+ and HCO3)
Term
Describe the general characteristics of Annelida

1. Metamerism
2. Body plan
3. Neuro system
4. Sensory system
5. Circulation
6. Respiration
7. Setae
Definition
1. septum- interior division between segments
-allows for specialization and for independent movement
-also for safety in case of injury
2. Eucoelomate
3. paired cerebral ganglia
4. photo receptors, chemo receptors, statocyts
5. closed circulation
6. cutaneous, sometimes gills, or parapodia
7. stiff hair like bristles; locomotion
Term
Describe the body plan of Annelida
Definition
1. Prostomium - with mouth
2. body segments
3. Pygidium - with anus
Term
Describe muscles in Annelida
Definition
Strong longitudinal
-decrease in length and widen
Circular
-increase in length and narrow
*move by peristaltic muscular wave contractions
Term
Describe the segmented coelom in Annelida
Definition
-fluid filled (except leeches)
-hydrostatic skeleton
-more coordinated movement than roundworms with independent segments
Term
Describe the following in Class Polychaeta

1. Habitat
2. Setae
Definition
1. mostly marine
2. many setae, on parapodia
-parapodia: paired appendages on each segment
-used in locomotion and respiratory
Term
Describe the following in Class Polychaeta

1. Reproduction
2. Cephalization
Definition
1. dioecious
-external fertilization
-gonads are only temporary swellings
-indirect development (larva->adult)
2. cephalization pronounced
-simple eyes (lens for intensity and direction)
-nuchal organ: chemoreceptor/food detection
-tactile tentacles and palps
Term
Describe the following types of worms in Class Polychaeta

1. Sedentary
2. Errant
Definition
1. lugworm, Featherduster
-spend most of time in tubes or burrows
-filter food from water or deposit from bottom
2. Nereis, clam worm
-more active, leaving burrow to swim around
-predatory
Term
Describe the following in Class Oligochaeta

1. Habitat
2. Nutrition
Definition
1. terrestrial
2. scavengers and some predatory
-important for turning/aerating soil
-crop, gizzard
-nephridia: simple excretory organ
-calciferous glands regulate calcium ion levels
-cloragogen tissue makes stores energy
-typhlosole: infolding of intestinal wall to increase absorption
Term
Describe the following in Class Oligochaeta

1. Setae
2. Reproduction
Definition
1. fewer setae
-no parapodia, gills, or eyes
2. monoecious
-ventral surfaces attach at clitellum
-clitellum mucous/chitin cocoon holds eggs
-left in soil, sediment, or aquatic e vegetation
-no larval form
Term
Describe the following in Class Hirudinida

1. Habitat
2. Body plan
Definition
1. freshwater, few marine or terrestrial
2. no head, eyes
-photo, chemo, touch receptors
-dorsoventrally flattened
-fewer segments, but many grooves, annuli
Term
Describe the following in Class Hirudinida

1. Septa
2. Parasite
Definition
1. no internal septa
-one continuous spongy coelom
-aids in circulation
2. taxon specific parasites
-chemical anesthetizes for incision
-hirudin: anticoagulant
Term
Describe the two types of Circulatory systems
Definition
1. Open- blood not always confined to vessels
2. Closed- blood is entirely confined to vessels
Term
Describe the composition of blood
Definition
1. Inorganic ions
ex. Na, Cl, HCO3, K, Mg
2. Proteins
ex. hormones, clotting factors
3. Nutrients
ex. monosaccharides, amino acids
Term
Describe the composition of plasma
Definition
1. water
2. dissolved solids- proteins, glucose, aa, ions
3. dissolved gases- O2, CO2, N2
Term
Describe Erythrocytes
Definition
1. red blood cells
2. in mammals, no nucleus, ribosomes, or mtDNA
3. hemoglobin for carrying O2
4. biconcave disk to increase surface area
Term
Describe Leucocytes
Definition
1. white blood cells
2. several types (neutrophils, etc)
3. body's defense system
4. 1 wbc: 700 rbc
Term
Describe blood platelets and hemostasis
Definition
1. platelets bind to blood vessel tear
2. platelets and vessel release thromboplastin
3. activates prothrombin into enzyme thrombin
4. this catalyzes fibrinogen to become fibrin
5. fibrin and rbc's mesh to stop bleeding
6. a catalytic sequence = a cascade
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