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BIOL 145 Exam 3
Depressants, Alcohol, Psychotherapy, Pain
99
Biology
Undergraduate 3
10/13/2014

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Term
alcohol absorption
Definition
occurs mostly in the small intestines
also in the stomach
empty stomach or carbonation can speed up absorption
absorption slowed by food
Term
BAC
Definition
blood alcohol content
standard way to determine the extent of a person's alcohol impairment
same concentration in breath, urine, and blood
Term
how is alcohol a depressant? how does it affect GABA?
Definition
depresses the CNS
enhances the inhibitory effects of GABA by allowing the GABA receptors to stay open longer and making it less excitable
Term
Alcohol and energy drinks
Definition
combo of depressant and stimulant
Term
How does alcohol affect ADH?
Definition
ADH- antidiuretic hormone, retains fluid in the body
alcohol causes a decrease in ADH, an increase in urine flow, and thus a decrease in blood pressure
Term
Why do hangovers happen?
Definition
dehydration
decrease in blood sugar
expansion of blood vessels
irritation of stomach lining
Term
alcohol-related liver diseases
Definition
Fatty Liver Disease
Alcoholic Hepatitis
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
Term
alcohol and the heart
Definition
excessive drinking can lead to: heart failure,stroke, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmia, sudden cardiac death
alcohol can be good for the heart in moderation- antioxidants, reduces clotting, increases HDL
Term
causes of fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
when children are exposed to alcohol during pregnancy
more you drink, greater the risk
alcohol travels through placenta to get to mother's bloodstream
fetus has a higher BAC than mother
alcohol interferes with delivery of O2 and nutrients to the developing baby
Term
mental health
Definition
the psychological state of someone functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment
the absence of a mental health disorder
Term
mental health disorder
Definition
abnormal behaviors/emotions that cause significant distress and/or impair normal functioning
Term
causes of mental health disorders
Definition
environmental
cultural
genetics
biological
neurological
Term
criteria for diagnosing major depression
Definition
depressed or irritable mood
diminished interest or pleasure
significant weight change
change in sleeping habits
change in activity
fatigue or loss of energy
guilt/worthlessness
concentration
recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Term
plasticity
Definition
ability of the brain to change in response to experience
Term
alcohol elimination
Definition
metabolism
excretion
Term
peripheral circulation
Definition
expansion of blood vessels
causes increase of heat loss
alcohol can cause hypothermia
Term
alcoholism treatment
Definition
intervention
individual or group counseling
outpatient program
residential inpatient stay
medicine to prevent drinking
Term
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Definition
brain damage because of alcoholism
Wernicke: short lived, severe
Korsakoff: long lasting, debilitating
Term
symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
Physical: facial features, deformities, slow growth, vision/hearing, smaller head/brain, heart defects, kidney problems
Brain/CNS: bad coordination, learning disorders, delayed development, poor memory, attention problems, difficulty with problem solving, hyperactivity
Social/Behavioral: problems interacting/getting along with others, difficulty in school, lack of impulse control, trouble adapting to change
Term
neurological causes of depression
Definition
low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine
Term
treatments for depression
Definition
antidepressants- treat symptoms
psychotherapy/talk therapy
Term
classes of antidepressants
Definition
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
tricyclic antidepressants
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Term
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Definition
block the enzyme monoamine oxidase
increase neurotransmitter availability at the synapse
increase communication between neurons
Term
tyramine effect
Definition
aka cheese effect
patients taking MAOIs need to limit tyramine in their diet
increase in tyramine can cause dangerously high BP
Term
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Definition
block the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake transporter
increase neurotransmitter availability in the synapse and neuron communication
boosts mood
has adverse effects as well
Term
SSRIs
Definition
most commonly prescribed antidepressant
better selectivity and reduced side effects from TCAs
block the serotonin reuptake transporter
Term
SNRIs
Definition
"dual-acting" antidepressant
can be more effective in patients who don't respond to SSRIs
block the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake transporters
Term
bipolar disorder
Definition
disruptive shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and ability to carry out normal functioning
intense emotional states called mood episodes; main, depression, or both
Term
criteria for diagnosing mania
Definition
1+ wk of abnormal and persistently elevated/irritable mood
3+ of the following at the same time:
inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, insomnia or hypersomnia, more talkative, disorganized thoughts, excessive fidgeting, excessive involvement in risky activities, increase in goal-directed activity
Term
treatment of bipolar disorder
Definition
long-term preventative treatment
mood stabilizers
antidepressants
antipsychotics
anxiolytics
Term
lithium
Definition
effective mood stabilizer
lots of side effects
Term
anxiety
Definition
normal, short-lived response to stress
Term
anxiety disorder
Definition
inappropriate, excessive, irrational anxiety that interferes with normal functioning
Term
types of anxiety disorders
Definition
generalized anxiety
OCD
panic disorder
specific phobias
social anxiety disorder
PTSD
Term
treatment for anxiety disorder
Definition
anxiolytic drugs (barbiturates, benzodiazepines)
psychotherapy
combination
Term
schizophrenia
Definition
a chronic, severe, disabling mental disorder
hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking, movement disroders
flat affect, lack of pleasure, speaking little
Term
typical antipsychotics
Definition
dopamine receptor antagonists, which block the binding of dopamine to receptors and treat hallucinations and delusions
Term
typical antipsychotic side effecst
Definition
pseudoparkinsonism
tardive syskinesia
Term
pseudoparkinsonism
Definition
resting tremor, mask-like face, unsteady gait
dopamine receoptor antagonists block the ability of the nigrostriatal pathway to regulate movement
Term
tardive dyskinesia
Definition
involuntary repetitive movements
caused by chronic exposure to antagonists, which makes dopamine receptors overly sensitive
Term
pain
Definition
subjective- whatever the patient says is painful
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with tissue damage
Term
purpose of pain
Definition
learning about danger
body saying something is wrong
Term
systems involved in pain
Definition
sensory system
motivational system
cognitive system
Term
5 steps involved in the pain pathway
Definition
transduction
conduction
transmission
perception
modulation
Term
nociceptors
Definition
receptors that sense tissue damage by conveying heat, cold, or pressure
Term
peripheral nerves
Definition
transmit messages between the spinal cord/brain and other parts of your body
CNS: ascending/descending
Term
pain threshold
Definition
the lowest intensity at which a stimulus is perceived as pain and may be influenced by genetics
Term
pain tolerance
Definition
the amount of time or intensity of pain that an individual will endure before initiative over pain resources
Term
acute pain
Definition
rapid warning system to minimize detected physical harm
Term
chronic pain
Definition
persistent pain (6 months+)
tissue damage, inflammation, or injury of the CNS
Term
types of acute pain
Definition
somatic
visceral
referred
Term
types of chronic pain
Definition
neuropathic (hyperalgesia, allodynia)
peripheral
central
Term
opioid receptors
Definition
brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
GI tract
Term
opiates and pain
Definition
opioid receptors in the spinal cord inhibit ascending pain signals
opioid receptors stimulate descending pathways
double attack against pain signaling
Term
morphine
Definition
gold standard/benchmark of analgesics used to relieve severe pain
bad side effects (tolerance, constipation)
Term
heroin
Definition
broken down into morphine
highly addictive
most popular opiate used recreationally
Term
codeine
Definition
most widely used opiate in the world
wide safety margin, fewer side effects
Term
fentanyl
Definition
chronic pain management
100x stronger than morphine
fully synthetic
Term
acute toxicity
Definition
narcotics depress the respiratory centers in the brain
toxic effects are additive in the presence of alcohol or other depressants
Term
chronic toxicity
Definition
little damage to any tissue organ systems, but the danger is from addiction
Term
opiates and adiction
Definition
opioid receptors signal for the release of dopamine
act on the "reward centers" in the brain
withdrawal symptoms when stop taking the drug
Term
two divisions of the nervous system
Definition
central nervous system (process)
peripheral nervous system (receive and respond)
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
involuntary control of body
divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
somatic nervous system
Definition
voluntary control of body movements
Term
sympathetic nervous system
Definition
action
drugs: epinephrine, cocaine
Term
parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
relax
drugs: morphine, heroin
Term
parts of a neuron
Definition
dendrite
cell body
axon
synapse
Term
action potentials
Definition
the way neurons talk
travels down an axon and signals the next neuron
when a neuron fires, membrane potential depolarizes-becomes positive
Term
neurotransmitter
Definition
endogenous chemical released by neurons and used to signal other neurons by binding to their receptors
Term
membrane potentials
Definition
difference in charge between ions inside and outside the neuron
Term
resting membrane potential
Definition
more negative ions inside the cell
more positive ions outside the cell
resting neurons are polarized and negative
Term
steps of neurotransmission
Definition
actional potential
calcium channel opens
calcium influx
calcium binds to vesicles
vesicles go to end of neuron
vesicles fuse to membrane and release neurotransmitters
neurotransmitter goes into synapse
neurotransmitter binds to receptor
neurotransmitter cleared from the synapse
Term
Ways neurotransmitters are cleared from the synapse
Definition
bind to postsynaptic receptor
bind to presynaptic autoreceptor (off switch)
bind to a reuptake transporter
broken down by an enzyme
diffuse away from the synapse
Term
agonist
Definition
mimics ligand and can cause the same response
NTs are agonists
Term
antagonist
Definition
binds to a receptor and blocks the ligand
Term
main classes of receptors
Definition
ionotropic- open ion channels
metabotropic- activate enzymes fora signal transduction cascade effect, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
Term
glutamate
Definition
excitatory neurotransmitter
Term
GABA
Definition
inhibitory neurotransmitter
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
major neurotransmitter in the CNS and PNS
excitatory or inhibitory
receptors: nicotonic or muscarinic
Term
excitatory
Definition
neurons are more positive, easier to fire
closer to threshold
Term
inhibitory
Definition
neurons are more negative, harder to fire
hyperpolarized
Term
Parkinson's Disease
Definition
neurodegenerative disease
degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain
Term
Pharmacological Strategies for Parkinson's Disease
Definition
replace DA in the brain with L-DOPA + Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor
prolong availability of DA-COMT inhibitor, MAO inhibitor
mimic effects of DA
Decrease ACh activity
Term
Huntington's Disease
Definition
genetic neurodegenerative disease
movement,cognitive, and psychiatric problems
caused by gene HTT
Term
Huntington's Pathophysiology
Definition
Opposite of Parkinson's Disease
Imbalance in favor of DA to ACh
Term
Pharmacological Stratgies for Huntington's Disease
Definition
DA-depleting agents-VMAT inhibitors
Benzodiazepines
Antipsychotic drugs-dopamine receptor antagonist
Anticonvulsants
Term
Alzheimer's Disease
Definition
neurons in the cerebral cortex and regions important for memory degenerate
no cure
Term
Alzheimer's Pthophysiology
Definition
brain shrinkage
tangles and plaques
Term
Pharmacological Strategies for Alzheimer's
Definition
increase ACh levels (cholinesterase inhibitors)
decrease excessive glutamate activity (glutamate antagonists)
Term
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Definition
progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord
affects motor neurons
Term
neurodegenerative disease
Definition
Parkinson's Disease
Huntington's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis
Term
mulitiple sclerosis
Definition
most common neurological disorder in young adults
affects myelin (around axon)
Term
drugs used to treat MS
Definition
beta interferons (most effective)
substitute antigens
antibodies
steroids
immune suppressants
Term
3 main classes of depressants
Definition
barbiturates
benzodiazepines
alcohol
Term
what are depressants used to treat?
Definition
anxiety/panic disorders
insomnia
Term
Mechanism of Action for Depressants
Definition
act on the GABA receptor
GABA binding makes it harder for other things to activate the neuron
GABA increase=Brain activity decrease
depressants bind to the GABA receptor and increase the inhibitory effects of GABA
Term
barbiturates
Definition
increase the actions of GABA on its receptor by lengthening he opening time of the Cl channel
inactivate the neuron
much easier to OD on barbiturates because they increase actions of GABA
Term
benzodiazepines
Definition
make it more likely that GABA will activate its receptor by opening the Cl and inactivating the neuron
enhance actions of GABA
safer than barbiturates
Term
depressants and abuse
Definition
commonly abused in combo with other drugs
inadvertently become addictions-tolerance builds up, become dependent, go through withdrawals
dangerous in combo with alcohol- additive effect
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