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Biol 1108 Practical 1
flash cards for the first practical of Biology 1108 Lab
52
Biology
Undergraduate 2
09/30/2012

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Habitat of slide
Definition

1) Mounted: like wet mount of dry mount

2) Preserved: preserved inside a slide or substance

3) Live specimen... i assume they're alive (stained)

Term
[image]
Definition

Saprobe:

 is an organism that derives its nutrition from the dead remains of other organisms; a scavenger, if you will. Saprobic fungi usually live on dead vegetable matter

Term
[image]
Definition

Pathogen

is a microorganism—in the widest sense, such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus—that causes disease in its host. The host may be an animal (including humans), a plant, or even another microorganism.[1][2]

Term
[image]
Definition
Zooplankton [image] /ˌz.əˈplæŋktən/ are heterotrophic (sometimes detritivorous) plankton. Plankton are organisms drifting in oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water. The word "zooplankton" is derived from the Greek zoon (ζῴον), meaning "animal", and planktos (πλαγκτός), meaning "wanderer" or "drifter".[1] Individual zooplankton are usually too small to be seen with the naked eye, but some, such as jellyfish, are large.
Term
[image]
Definition
Phytoplankton (/ˌftˈplæŋktən/) are the autotrophic component of the plankton community. The name comes from the Greek words φυτόν (phyton), meaning "plant", and πλαγκτός (planktos), meaning "wanderer" or "drifter".[1] Most phytoplankton are too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye. However, when present in high enough numbers, they may appear as a green discoloration of the water due to the presence of chlorophyll within their cells (although the actual color may vary with the species of phytoplankton present due to varying levels of chlorophyll or the presence of accessory pigments such as phycobiliproteins, xanthophylls, etc.).
Term
[image]
Definition
A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell, in contrast to a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells. Historically simple single celled organisms have sometimes been referred to as monads.[1]
Term
[image]
Definition
A colony of single-cell organisms is known as a colonial organism. Colonial organisms were probably the first step toward multicellular organisms via natural selection.[1] The difference between a multicellular organism and a colonial organism is that individual organisms from a colony can, if separated, survive on their own, while cells from a multicellular lifeform (e.g., cells from a brain) cannot. Volvox (technically a coenobium) is an example of the border between these two states.
Term

[image]

Definition
Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to single-celled organisms. To form a multicellular organism, these cells need to identify and attach to the other cells.[1]
Term

How amino acid sequences can be used to infer phylogenetic trees?

 

Definition
Perceiving the pitfalls of blind application of tree reconstruction methods to ss rRNAs, Hasegawa et al. ( 1993)    argue    that    trees    constructed    from    protein    se- quences may be more reliable. Sometimes, even when the coding DNA sequences are available, they are trans- lated into proteins for analysis, because the frequencies of the amino acids are much more homogeneous among species than those of nucleotides or codons (Loomis and Smith 1990; Adachi et al. 1993). This practice is able to remove much of the “noise” in the data, but the loss of information due to collapsing character states is ex- traordinary.
Term
[image]
Definition

Domain: Bacteria

Class: Bacilli

Term
[image]
Definition
Domian: Bacteria Class: Coccus
Term
[image]
Definition

Domain: Bacteria

Class: helical

Term
[image]
Definition

Gram negative and postitive

It is based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls. Primarily, it detects peptidoglycan, which is present in a thick layer in Gram positive bacteria.[1] A Gram positive results in a purple/blue color while a Gram negative results in a pink/red color.

Term
[image]
Definition
Filamentous Cyanobacteria
Term
[image]
Definition
Anabaena (it's a cyanobacteria )
Term
[image]
Definition
Hetercyst is the specialized cell in a anabeana cyano bacteria it fixes nitrogen
Term
[image]
Definition

Bacteria is smooth

fungi is fuzzy

Term
[image]
Definition

Oomycota or oomycetes (oömycetes) form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms. They are filamentous, microscopic, absorptive organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually.

 

(it means egg fungi) it is a protist

Term
[image]
Definition
Lobose amoeba
Term

[image]

[image]

Definition
  • A plasmodial slime mold is enclosed within a single membrane without walls and is one large cell. This "supercell" (a syncytium) is essentially a bag of cytoplasm containing thousands of individual nuclei. See heterokaryosis.
  • By contrast, cellular slime molds spend most of their lives as individual unicellular protists, but when a chemical signal is secreted, they assemble into a cluster that acts as one organism.
Term
[image]
Definition
The ciliates are a group of protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to eukaryotic flagella, but typically shorter and present in much larger numbers with a different undulating pattern than flagella.
Term

a)

 

[image]

 

B)[image]

Definition

A) Plasmodium, causes malaria

B) Trypanosoma

A genus of parasitic flagellate protozoa  causing diseases such as sleeping sickness in humans and various other diseases in domesticated animals.
 

The Apicomplexa (also referred to as Apicomplexia) are a large group of protists, most of which possess a unique organelle called apicoplast and an apical complex structure involved in penetrating a host's cell. They are unicellular, spore-forming, and exclusively[3] parasites of animals.

Term
[image]
Definition
Euglenoids (or euglena) are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, commonly found in freshwater especially when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marine and endosymbiotic members. Most euglenids are unicellular. red eye spot
Term
[image]
Definition
Diatoms[1] are a major group of algae, and are one of the most common types of phytoplankton.A characteristic feature of diatom cells is that they are encased within a unique cell wall made of silica (hydrated silicon dioxide) called a frustule. These frustules show a wide diversity in form, but usually consist of two asymmetrical sides with a split between them, hence the group name
Term
[image]
Definition
The dinoflagellates (Greek δῖνος dinos "whirling" and Latin flagellum "whip, scourge") are a large group of flagellate protists. Most are marine plankton, but they are common in fresh water habitats, as well.
Term
[image]
Definition

brown algae (singular: alga), is a large group of mostly marine multicellular algae, including many seaweeds of colder Northern Hemisphere waters. Eukarya

can be eaten

Uses: food thickner, treat heart deises, treat acid reflux, rubber

Term
[image]
Definition

The red algae are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae,[2] and also one of the largest, with about 5,000–6,000 species [3] of mostly multicellular, marine algae, including many notable seaweeds.

Uses: gel capsuls, agar(base for things to grow on), nori, stabilizer, keep food from drying out

Term

[image]

 

Definition

he green algae (singular: green alga) are the large group of algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged.[1] As such, they form a paraphyletic group, although the group including both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic

Uses: fertilizer, engery source, food

Term
[image]
Definition
A contractile vacuole (abbreviation: CV) is a sub-cellular structure (organelle) involved in osmoregulation. It is found predominantly in protists and in unicellular algae. It was previously known as pulsatile or pulsating vacuole.
Term
difference between cilia and flagella
Definition
cillia alot of little ones, flagella if there's one big one at the back orfront
Term
Plasmodium Vivax
Definition
causes malaria
Term
[image][image]
Definition

know haploid and diploid parts.

Gametophyte is Haploid

Sporophyte is diploid

Term
Know sporophyte and gametophyte phases of any plant life cylce
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Vascular plant
Term
[image]
Definition
Non vascular plants and ferns are seedless plants
Term
[image]
Definition
name the parts
Term
[image]
Definition
name the parts
Term
[image]
Definition
name
Term
[image]
Definition
liverworts
Term
[image]
Definition
lycophytes
Term
[image]
Definition
horsetail
Term
[image]
Definition
sporangia
Term
[image]
Definition
Strobili
Term
[image]
Definition
Know anteridia, contains male gametes
Term
[image]
Definition

Archegonia

An archegonium (pl: archegonia), from the ancient Greek ἀρχή ("beginning") and γόνος ("offspring"), is a multicellular structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete. The archegonium has a long neck canal and a swollen base. Archegonia are typically located on the surface of the plant thallus, although in the hornworts they are embedded.

Term
Gymnosperm and angiosperm
Definition

Gymnosperm

1)cycadales- cycad (looks like palm tree with one thing on top)

2) ginkgoopsida- clover like leaves look like fans

3) Gnetophyta bean pod like leaves

4) pinidae- conifers

 

Angiosperm- flowering plants

Term
[image]
Definition

[image]

 

Term
[image]
Definition
know cotyledons
Term
[image]
Definition

Double fertilization is in angiosperms.

One sperm fertilizes the egg cell and the other sperm combines with the two polar nuclei of the large central cell of the megagametophyte. The haploid sperm and haploid egg combine to form a diploid zygote, while the other sperm and the two haploid polar nuclei of the large central cell of the megagametophyte form a triploid nucleus (some plants may form polyploid nuclei). The large cell of the gametophyte will then develop into the endosperm, a nutrient-rich tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo. The ovary, surrounding the ovules, develops into the fruit, which protects the seeds and may function to disperse them.[1]

Term
[image]
Definition

The dicotyledons, also known as dicots, was a grouping formerly used for the flowering plants whose seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.

FeatureIn monocotsIn dicots
Number of parts of each flower in threes (flowers are trimerous) in fours or fives (tetramerous or pentamerous)
Number of furrows or pores in pollen one three
Number of cotyledons (leaves in the seed) one two
Arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem scattered in concentric circles
Roots are adventitious develop from the radicle
Arrangement of major leaf veins parallel reticulate
Secondary growth absent often present
Term
[image]
Definition
FeatureIn monocotsIn dicots
Number of parts of each flower in threes (flowers are trimerous) in fours or fives (tetramerous or pentamerous)
Number of furrows or pores in pollen one three
Number of cotyledons (leaves in the seed) one two
Arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem scattered in concentric circles
Roots are adventitious develop from the radicle
Arrangement of major leaf veins parallel reticulate
Secondary growth absent often present
Term

[image]

 

[image]

Definition

xylem and phloem

 

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