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Biol 107 Exam 1
Biology 107, Exam 1, Dr. Julie Stanton
101
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/01/2012

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

What are the main themes of biology?

(As studied in this class)

Definition

 

  • There is a hierarchy of organization
  • Life requires energy transfer and transformation

Light>Chemical>Heat, etc.

  • Structure Correlates with function
  • Cells are the basic unit of life
  • DNA provides instructions and continuity for life
  • Feedback regulates biological systems
  • Evolution is a core theme

 

Term
Is water polar? Why or why not?
Definition
Yes, it is polar. The oxygen atom is slightly more negative than the hydrogen atoms, making the whole molecule have a positive end and a negative end. (This is because the oxygen is more electronegative than the hydrogens)
Term
What are the 4 emergent properties of water?
Definition
  • Cohesion(, Adhesion, Surface Tension)
  • Temperature Moderation
  • Expansion Upon Freezing
  • Versatility as a solvent
Term
What is the difference between cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension?
Definition

Cohesion: Water molecules 'sticking' to each other

Adhesion: Water molecules 'sticking' to other molecules/substances

Surface Tension: The surface is a little difficult to break

Term
How/Why does water moderate temperature?
Definition
It has a high specific heat. This means that water releases or absorbs a lot of energy for each degree of change.
Term
What is the difference between a substance/molecule that is hydrophobic versus one that is hydrophilic?
Definition

Hydrophobic: "Afriad of water." These molecules do not dissolve in water(usually) because they are nonpolar and nonionic.

Hydrophilic: "Likes water." These molecules normally dissolve in water because they are either polar or they are ionic.

Term
Why is carbon considered a versatile element?
Definition
Carbon has 4 electrons, so it can make 4 covalent bonds.
Term
What element makes a compound "organic?"
Definition
Carbon
Term
What are hydrocarbons and what do they typically do?
Definition
They are made of only hydrogen and carbon and typically serve as energy storage molecules.
Term
What are the different types of isomers and what are they?
Definition

Structural: Differ in covalent arrangement

Cis/Trans: Differ in spatial arangement

Enantiomers: Mirror images, can't be superimposed (like your left hand on top of your right hand)

Term
What are the names of the 7 major functional groups?
Definition
  • Hydroxyl
  • Carbonyl
  • Carboxyl
  • Amino
  • Sulfhydryl
  • Phosphate
  • Methyl
Term
What is the structure of Hydroxyl?
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the structure of Carbonyl?
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the structure of Carboxyl?
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the structure of an Amino group?
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the strucutre of Sulfhydryl?
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the structure of a Phosphate?
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the structure of a Methly group?
Definition
[image]
Term
As a general term, what are polymers made of?
Definition
Monomers
Term
How are polymers synthesised?
Definition

Through dehydration (pieces to make a water molecules are removed from two monomers or ends of a chain)

[-OH, H]

Term
How are polymers broken down?
Definition
Hydrolysis (Water is added to the polymer and the water breaks into -OH and -H on two separate chains or monomers)
Term
What are the 4 major groups of macromolecules?
Definition
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Lipids
Term
What elements to carbohydrates consist of?
Definition
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Term
What carbohydrates are formed of one monmer? What are their common groups? What are their types?
Definition
One monomer is known as a Monosaccharaide. Their common groups are carbonyl and hydroxyl. Their types are aldose and ketose.
Term
What are carbohydrates made up of 2 monomers? What are they joined by?
Definition
2 monomers make up a Disaccharide. They are joined by a glycosidic linkage.
Term
What two monomers make up Maltose?
Definition
Glucose and Glucose
Term
What two monomers make up Sucrose?
Definition
Glucose and Fructose
Term
What two monomers make up Lactose?
Definition
Glucose and Glactose
Term
What carbohydrates are made up of more than 2 monomers? What are they joined by?
Definition
Polysaccharides. They are joined by glycosidic linkages.
Term
What are the two major types of polysaccharides?
Definition
Storage and Structural
Term
What is starch good for?
Definition
It is a glucose source for animals who eat plants.
Term
What is glycogen good for? Where is it found in high concentration in humans?
Definition
It is used for energy storage in animals (enough for 1 day in humans). It is in high concentration in liver and muscle cells.
Term
What is cellulose good for? Can we digest it?
Definition
It makes up the plant cell wall. Humans do not have the enzyme required to digest cellulose, but it is good for fiber.
Term
What elements do lipids contain? Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic? What are lipid monomers/polymers?
Definition
Lipids contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. They are hydrophobic. They do not have 'true' monomers or polymers.
Term
What are the two main functions of fat?
Definition
Storage and Structure
Term
What are the components of fat? What do they form together? How are they linked?
Definition
Fats are formed from glycerol and fatty acids. They form triacylglycerol. Three fatty acids are linked to glycerol via ester linkages
Term
What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fats? What is an easy way to tell the difference?
Definition
Saturated fats have no double bonds and form striaght molecules. Unsaturated fats have 1 or more double bonds and form bent molecules. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
Term
What makes up phospholipids? Which parts are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Definition
They are made of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phospate group. They have a hydrophobic "tail" and a hydrophilic "head."
Term
What are steroids made from? What are some examples of them?
Definition
Made of 4 fused rings of Carbon. Examples include hormones and cholesterol.
Term
What are proteins made of? What are their monomers and polymers?
Definition
They consist of Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfer. Their monomers are amino acids. Their polymers are polypeptides.
Term
How many common amino acids are there?
Definition
20
Term
What do amino acids consist of?
Definition
[image]
Term
What gives an amino acid its unique characteristics?
Definition
The R group.
Term
How are polypeptides formed?
Definition
A dehydration reaction between the carboxyl and amino groups. It is done by the ribosomes.
Term
To become a functional protein, polypeptides must first be __________.
Definition
Folded
Term
What are the 4 main levels of protein structure?
Definition
  • Primary Structure
  • Secondary Structure
  • Tertiery Structure
  • Quaternary Structure
Term
What elements are nucleic acids composed of? What are thier monomers and polymers?
Definition
They are comprised of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorus. Their monomers are nucleotides and their polymers are DNA or RNA.
Term
What is the flow of genetic information?
Definition
DNA-->mRNA-->Protein
Term
What are the parts to a nucleotide?
Definition

Nitrogenous Base (Pyrimidines:C,T/U & Purines:A,G)

Sugar (Deoxyribose in DNA [H] & Ribose in RNA [-OH])

Phosphate Group

Term
What links together polynucleotides? Where to the links occur?
Definition
Phosphodiester linkage join them. They attach the 3' hydroxyl group of one nucleotide to the 5' group of another.
Term
Which nitrogenous bases pair with each other?
Definition

A<-->T/U

C<-->G

Term
What are the two major ways to study cells?
Definition
Microscopy and Cell Fractionation
Term
What do LM, EM, SEM, and TEM stand for? What are the different functions for SEM and TEM?
Definition

LM: Light microscope

EM: Electron microscope

SEM: Scanning electron microscope (used to cell cell surface)

TEM: Transmission electron microscope (used to see inside of cells)

Term
What are the two major cell types? What features do they share?
Definition

The two major divisions Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells.

They both have plasma membranes, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes.

Term
What features are unique to prokaryotes?
Definition
No membrane bound organelles, DNA in nucleoid region(not a nucleus), and they all have a cell wall.
Term
What features are unique to Eukaryotes?
Definition
Membrane bound organelles, DNA in nucleus, they do not always have a cell wall.
Term
What are the two major types of eukaryotic cells?
Definition
Plant cells and animal cells
Term
What features are unique to animal cells?
Definition
Lysosomes, Centrosomes, and Flagella
Term
What features are unique to plant cells?
Definition
Cell walls, Chloroplasts, a Central Vacoule, and Plasmodesmata
Term
What does the nucleus do? What is it surrounded by, lined with, and perforated by?
Definition
The nucleus houses DNA and assembles ribosomes(in the nucleoli). It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope(which has a double membrane structure), lined by the nuclear lamina, and perforated by nuclear pore complexes.
Term
What do ribosomes do? What are they made of? Are they free or membrane-bound?
Definition
They are the site of protein synthesis. They are made of RNA and protein and can be free or membrane bound.
Term
What pieces make up the endomembrane system?
Definition

Nuclear envleope

ER

Golgi

Lysosomes

Vacoules

Plasma membrane

Term
What does the endomembrane system do?
Definition

Protein synthesis and transport

Lipid metabolism and transport

Detoxification of poison and drugs

Term
Where is the Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) located? Describe it. What are the two subdivisions of the ER?
Definition
The ER surrounds the nucleus. It is a very dynamic and 3D organelle. It is divided into "smooth" and "rough" ER.
Term
Why is it called the smooth ER? What are its functions?
Definition

The smooth ER lacks ribosomes.

 

It is involved in lipid synthesis, drug detoxification, and calcium storage.

Term

Why is it called the rough ER? What does it do?

 

Definition

The rough ER is bound by ribosomes.

 

It is involved in protein synthesis, folding, and glycosylation.

 

It also serves as the "gatekeeper" for vesicular transport.

Term
Where is the Golgi located? What are its groups of flattened stacks called? What are its two faces? Is it bound the the cell or free to float around? 2D or 3D?
Definition

The Golgi is located next to the nucleus.

 

Its groups of flattened stacks are called cisternae.

 

Its two faces are called "cis" and "trans."

 

The Golgi is free to move around the cell. (And it is 3D)

Term
What are the functions of the Golgi? What buds off the Golgi?
Definition

The Golgie modifies, stores, and sorts proteins. It also synthesizes carbohydrates.

 

Vesicles bud off the Golgi to transfer materials.

Term
What is a lysosome? What are its functions?
Definition

It is a membranous sac of hydrolitic enzymes. It also has an acidic compartment.

 

Its functions are phagocytosis (digestion of food or organisms into a vacoule), fusing with a vacoule to digest food, and autophagy (digestion of old organelles, recycling).

Term
What are vacoules? What types are there?
Definition

They are membrane bound storgage vesicles.

 

The types are Food, Contractile, and Central (only in plants).

Term
What mediates the endomembrane system? In which direction do things flow?
Definition

Vesicles mediate the endomembrane system (they transport proteins).

 

The flow can be bi-directional. It flows from the ER-->Golgi-->Plasma Membrane

Term
What is the membrane structure of Mitochondria? What are its functions?
Definition

Mitochondria has a double membrane structure.

 

It is important for cellular respiration. It produces ATP (based on how much is needed).

Term
Describe/Name the membranes of the Mitochonria.
Definition
The inner membrane is extensively folded. The space between the two membranes is called the intermembrane space. The Mitochondrial Matrix is inside the inner membrane.
Term
What membrane structure do Chloroplasts often have? What is its function?
Definition

They often have a triple membrane structure.

 

The chloroplasts make glucose for photosynthesis.

Term
What are the key features of Chloroplasts?
Definition

Thylakoids: Each flattened disk found within the Chloroplast.

Granum: A stack of Thylakoids

Stroma: The matrix within the Cholorplast.

Term
What do Peroxisomes do?
Definition

Break down fatty acids

 

Detoxify harmful components

Term
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
Definition

It provides cell shape and organelle support.

 

It also facilitates cell movement and vesicular transport.

Term
What are microtubules made of? What are the main functions of microtubles?
Definition

They are made of tubulin.

 

They maintain the shape of the cell

Aid in cell mobility

Chromosome movement in cell division

Organelle movement

Term
What are microfilaments made of? What do they do?
Definition

Made of actin subunit

 

Change cell shape

Aid in muscle contraction

Maintainance of cell shape

Cell motility

Cell division

Term
What are the subunits of intermediate filaments? What are the functions of microfilaments?
Definition

They are made of proteins in the Keratin family.

 

They maintain cell shape

Anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles

Formation of nuclear lamina

 

Term
What are the functions of the cell wall? What are its components?
Definition

The cell wall protects the cells and maintains the cell shape.

 

There is the primary cell wall, the secondary cell wall, and the middle lamella.

Term
What does the extracellular matrix do? What is it composed of?
Definition

Support, adhesion, movement, and regulation

 

It is composed primarily of glycoproteins (including collogen and proteoglycans).

Term
What are the types of intercellular junctions and what do they do?
Definition


Tight Junctions (Animal): Prevent leakage

 

Gap Junctions (Animal): Provide channels between cells

 

Desmosomes (Animal): Attach cells to one another

 

Plasmodesmata (Plant): Provide channels between cells

Term
What is the structure of the Cell Membrane?
Definition
It is a phospholipid bilayer that also contains cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates
Term
What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?
Definition
States that the cell membrane is composed of phospholipids and proteins. They are randomly distributed and free to move about.
Term
What are "lipid rafts"?
Definition
Microdomains rich in certain lipids and membrane proteins. This allows for subcompartmentalization and may be important for cell signaling or trafic.
Term

What factors influence membrane permiability?

(And in what way?)

Definition

Temperature (High temperature means more permiable, lower temp means less)

 

 

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (Increase fluidity)

 

 

Cholesterol (At high temperatures they decrease fluidity, at low temperatures they increase fluidity)

Term
What are the 2 types of membrane proteins?
Definition

Integral or Transmembrane (Embedded in Membrane)

 

Peripheral (Loosely attached to membrane)

Term
What things easily pass through the membrane?
Definition
Hydrophobic, small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules
Term
What things do NOT easily pass through the membrane?
Definition

Hydrophilic, large molecules, charged, and polar molecules.

(These require transport proteins)

Term
What is diffusion? How do they spread out?
Definition

Diffusion is random movement toward equilibrium.

 

Substances go from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

Term
What is passive transport?
Definition
Diffusion across a membrane with no energy input required.
Term
What is osmosis?
Definition

Diffusion of water across a membrane.

 

(Water goes from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration)

Term
What is tonicity? What are the 3 types of tonic solutions?
Definition

The ability of a solute to cause a cell to lose or gain water.

 

Hypotonic: Has a lower solute concentration than what is inside the cell

Isotonic: Has about the same solute concentration as what is inside the cell

Hypertonic: Has a higher solute concentration than what is inside the cell

Term
What are the 2 ways proteins move things across membranes?
Definition

Facilitated Diffusion: Solute moves down its concentration gradient (doesn't require ATP)

 

Active Transport: Solute moves up its concentration gradient (Requires energy [ATP])

Term
What are the types of transport proteins? What do they do?
Definition

Channel Proteins: Form a corridor for solute to pass through.

 

Carrier Proteins: Alternate between shapes to move solutes (Open to only the inside, then open to only the oustide) (Requires Energy)

Term
What is the voltage difference across membranes referred to as? What is it established by?
Definition

It is called membrane potential.

 

It is established by Sodium-Potassium pumps and Proton pumps.

 

(It serves as stored energy that can be used to do work)

Term
What is cotransport?
Definition

Active transport assisted by a concentration gradient.

 

(Such as two things moving opposite directions up & down a concentration gradient)

Term
What is exocytosis? What is it mediated by?
Definition

It is the secretion of materials.

 

It is mediated by vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

Term
What does endocytosis mean? What are the three main types? What specific thing can facilitate endocytosis?
Definition

Endocytosis is bringing things into the cell.

 

The three main types are phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

 

Lipid rafts can facilitate endocytosis.

 

Term
Which nitrogenous bases are Pyrimidines? Which are Purines?
Definition

Pyrimidines:

Cytosine

Thymine (DNA)

Uracil (RNA)


Purines:


Adenine

Guanine

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