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BIOL*1050
Midterm Review for BIOL*1050 Students (Animal Section)
80
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/17/2014

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Cards

Term
What is Nutrition?
Definition
The sum of the processes involved in the intake and utilization of food substances
Term
How do you get Nutrition?
Definition
Acquisition, Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism and Waste Disposal
Term
What is a Nutrient?
Definition
Supply living organisms with essential minerals and pre-assembled molecules for energy for cellular processes, biosynthesis and regulatory molecules to complete life cycle and enhance survival
Term
What is an organic molecule?
Definition
A molecule that contains carbon (CO2 is an exception)
Term
[image]
Definition
This molecule is glucose
Term
What are the roles of P, K and S?
Definition

P - Need for ATP and in bones

 

K - action potential

 

S - structure of proteins

Term
How can Nutrients be classified?
Definition
Minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
Term
Compare and contrast macromolecules and micromolecules
Definition

Macro - used to form buidling blocks for ATP

 

Micro - used as regulatory molecules 

Term
What are the roles of minerals?
Definition
  • Maintain structure and function of proteins
  • Control charges across membranes
  • Cofactors in reduction and oxidation reactiosn
  • Components of cells and tissues
  • Signal messengers
Term
What are the roles of Vitamins?
Definition
  • Cofactors or coezymes
  • Participants in oxidation-reduction reations
  • Precursors of biologically active molecules
  • Act as hormones
  • Important in development 
Term
What vitamins are fat soluble? Water soluble?
Definition

Fat - A, D, E, K

 

Water - B and C

Term
How do vitamins act as hormones?
Definition
Vitamin D - Humans can make this from cholesterol
Term
What are the 3 monosaccharides?
Definition
  1. Glucose
  2. Galactose
  3. Fructose
Term
What are the Disaccharides?
Definition
  1. Maltose = glucose + glucose
  2. Sucrose = glucose + fructose
  3. Lactose = glucose + galactose
Term
True or False - enzymes are needed for dehydration and hydrolysis reactions
Definition
True
Term
What are the Polysaccharides?
Definition
Starch (storage), glycogen (storage), cellulose (makes up cell walls of plants; structure) and chitin (structure)
Term
What are the roles of lipids?
Definition
  • Energy
  • Membrane structure
  • Biological regulators
  • Insulation 
Term
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?
Definition

Saturated - no double bonds; "saturated" with hydrogens

 

Unsaturated - contains double bonds

Term
What do herbivores need in order to break down cellulose?
Definition
Cellulase
Term
What 2 Omega 3 Fatty Acids are needed to make nerve cells?
Definition
DHA and EPA
Term
What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
Definition
Amino group, R group (side chain),  H and carboxyl group
Term
What reaction forms peptide bonds?
Definition
Dehydration
Term
How many essential Amino Acids are there?
Definition
8
Term
What is Metabolism?
Definition
The sum of all chemical reactions within a cell or organism
Term
What is Energy?
Definition
The capacity to cause change; must obey laws of thermodynamics
Term
What are Catabolic Reactions?
Definition
Breakdown of macromolecules into simple molecules and production of energy from breaking of bonds
Term
What are Anabolic Reactions?
Definition
Building reactions; require energy that has been stored
Term
What are the first two laws of thermodynamics?
Definition

First law - energy cannot be created or destroyed

 

Second law - every time energy is transformed, you lose a little to entropy 

Term
Are Catabolic reactions Exergonic?
Definition
Yes. Products have less potential energy than reactants
Term
Are Anabolic reactions endergonic?
Definition
Yes. Products have more potential energy than reactants (takes energy to perform reaction)
Term
What is a defining feature of life?
Definition
Some steps in Cellular Respiration are exergonic and others are endergonic
Term
True or False - Energy coupling does not require ATP
Definition
False. It does require ATP
Term
What are Oxidation/Reduction Reactions?
Definition
  • The transfer or relocation of electrons
  • Lose electrons = oxidation
  • Gain electrons = reduction
  • Donate electrons = reducing agent
  • Accepting electrons = oxidizing agent 
Term
What is Substrate Level Phosphorlyation?
Definition
Skips intermediate steps of transferring electrons. Directly takes phosphate group from one organic substrate and attaches it to ATP
Term
True or False - fats are polymers
Definition
False. They are not polymers; they are made up of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule
Term
What determines a protein's shape?
Definition
Primary structure of Polypeptide
Term
What are the 3 parts of nucleotides?
Definition
  1. Nitrogen base
  2. 5 carbon sugar
  3. phosphate group

Purines (A and G) are larger

Pyrimidine (C,T and U) are smaller 

Term
What are 3 Catabolic Pathways?
Definition
  1. Fermentation - partial degradation of sugars and other organic fuels without oxygen
  2. Aerobic respiration - oxygen is consumed with each reactant
  3. Cellular Respiration - includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes
Term
Where does Glycolysis occur? (stage 1)
Definition
Occurs in cytosol. It is here that glucose is broken does into 2 molecules called pyruvate
Term
What happens to pyruvate to convert it to Acetyl CoA?
Definition
Oxidation
Term
Explain what Acetyl CoA does
Definition
It enters the Citric Acid Cyle and finishes the breakdown of CO2
Term
What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?
Definition
Energy released at each step of chain is stored in a form that the mitochondria can use to make ATP from ADP
Term
What is Substrate Level Phosphorlyation?
Definition
Smaller amount of ATP is formed directly in fewer reactions
Term
How many  ATP are generally made at the end of Cellular Respiration?
Definition
32
Term
What are the 2 stages of Glycolysis?
Definition
Energy investment (spend ATP) and Energy Payoff (receive ATP by substrate level phosphorylation)
Term
When does pyruvate get oxidized?
Definition
As it enters mitochondria
Term
Explain the citric acid cycle
Definition

Each Acetyl CoA that enters produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 2 CO2 and 1 ATP

 

(Since glucose can make 2 Acetyl CoA, double these numbers)

Term
How many ATP are made by substrate level phosphorylation?
Definition
4
Term
What is the enzyme that actually makes ATP from ADP
Definition
ATP synthase
Term
What is Chemiosmosis?
Definition
Energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form on H ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work
Term
How many ATP are made in Chemiosmosis and ETC?
Definition
26 to 28
Term
What is Alcohol Fermentation?
Definition
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol. CO2 is released from pyruvate and converted to acetylaldehyde. Acetylaldehyde is then reduced to NADH
Term
What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?
Definition

Pyruvate is directly reduced to NADH to form lactate as a produce 

 

NO CO2 RELEASE

Term
What are Obligate anaerobes?
Definition

Carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration

 

CANNOT SURVIVE IN OXYGEN

Term
What are Faculatative Anaerobes?
Definition
Make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration?
Term
What are the 4 main stages of Cellular Respiration?
Definition
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation (Acetyl CoA)
  3. Citric Acid Cycle
  4. Oxidative Phosphorlyation (ETC and Chemiosmosis)
Term
What are the products and reactants of Cellular Respiration?
Definition

Reactants: Glucose and 6 oxygen

 

Products: 6 CO2, 6 water and ATP

Term
What is produced by Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle?
Definition
  • 4 ATP
  • 2 FADH2
  • 10 NADH
Term
What are Photoautotrophs?
Definition
Dependant on light as energy and CO2 are carbon source
Term
What are Photoheterotrophs?
Definition
Dependant on light as energy source and organic compounds as carbon source
Term
What are Chemoautotrophs?
Definition
Depend on inorganic molecules for energy and CO2 as carbon source
Term
What are Chemoheterotrophs?
Definition

Dependant on organic compounds for energy and carbon source 

 

HUMANS 

Term

Define the following:

  1. Substrate feeders
  2. Fluid feeders
  3. Suspension feeders
  4. Filter feeders
  5. Bulk feeders
Definition
  1. Substrate feeders - live in or on their food source (moths)
  2. Fluid feeders - suck nutrient rich from host (mosquitos)
  3. Suspension feeders - eat small organisms or food particles suspended in water (clams)
  4. Filter feeders - move water through filtering structure (Humpback whale)
  5. Bulk feeders - eat relatively large pieces of food (snakes, humans)
Term
What is Digestion?
Definition
Hydrolysis of macromolecules
Term
Why is Intracellular Digestion important?
Definition

For breakdown of old, worn down parts of the cell; many simple organisms use this method

 

Occurs in vacuoles and lysosomes

Term
What is Extracellular Digestion?
Definition
Digestion that occurs outside of the cells
Term
How do the pancreas regulate?
Definition

Blood glucose levels rise = secrete insulin

 

Blood glucose levels drop = secrete glycogon

Term
What is the most diverse adaptation to diets?
Definition
Cheek Teeth; these are specialized in herbivores
Term
What is the variation in jaw muscles?
Definition

Carnivores - large temporalis, small masseter; up and down mastication

 

Herbivores - large masseter, small temporalis; side to side mastication

Term
Is the Cecum more developed in carnivores or herbivores?
Definition
Herbivores
Term
What is the difference between hind-gut and fore-gut fermentors?
Definition

Hind-gut - fermentation chamber is behind small intestine (horses)

 

Fore-gut - fermentation chamber is before small intestine (ruminants)

Term
Cetartiodactyla - what are they?
Definition
  • Even toed ungulates (hoof)
  • fore-gut fermentors
  • over 250 species
Term
Perissodactyla - what are they?
Definition
  • Odd-toed ungulates
  • Hind-gut fermentors 
Term
What is one challenge of herbivory?
Definition
They cannot digest cellulose. Thus, they have a symbiotic relationship with microbes
Term
What is microbial fermentation?
Definition
specialized compartments house microorganisms that have cellulase. They produce VFA which can be absorbed in fermentation chamber
Term
What are the 4 parts to the cow's stomach?
Definition
  1. Rumen (largest)
  2. Reticulum
  3. Omasum
  4. Abomasum
Term
Why is it important to maintain a neutral pH?
Definition
Microbes live best in these conditions
Term
What is more efficient - hind or fore-gut fermentation?
Definition
Fore-gut; more efficient with cellulose and have filter banners
Term
What are some Dental Adaptations?
Definition
Carnivores - sharp incisors and canines; molars and premolars are jagged

Herbivores - little incisors and canines; molars and premolars for food grinding

Omnivores - pointed canines, premolars for grinding and molars for crushing
Term
What is Ghrelin? Leptin?
Definition
Ghrelin - triggers feeling of hunger

Leptin - suppresses appetite
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