Shared Flashcard Set

Details

BIOL 101 Final Exams, lecture and lab
Eaton BIOL 0SH Fall 2013 Ivy Tech Comm. College
176
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/25/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Metabolism
Definition
Life-sustaining chemical transformations within cells. Conversion of food / sunlight into energy.
Term
Metabolic pathway
Definition
Series of chemical reactions within a cell, catalyzed by enzymes. Product of one reaction serves as the substrate for the next.
Term
Robert Hook
Definition
Coined the term "cell."
Term
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
Discovered sperm and bacteria.
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
Through series of experiments (flasks, broth, bent-neck, goose-neck), disproved spontaneous generation, proving that life must come from life.
Term
8 Characteristics of Life

1 of 8: Order
Definition
Made up of one or more cells.
Term
8 Characteristics of Life

2 of 8: Reproduction
Definition
Has the ability to pass on DNA.
Term
8 Characteristics of Life

3 of 8: Universal Genetic Code
Definition
Has DNA, can regenerate at the molecular level.
Term
8 Characteristics of Life

4 of 8: Growth and Development
Definition
Has a life cycle with observable changes.
Term
8 Characteristics of Life

5 of 8: Irritability
Definition
Responds to outside stimuli.
Term
8 Characteristics of Life

6 of 8: Energy
Definition
Metabolizes / uses energy.
Term
8 Characteristics of Life

7 of 8: Evolutionary Adaptations
Definition
Subtle, inheritable changes over thousands / millions of years.
Term
8 Characteristics of Life

8 of 8: Homeostasis
Definition
Can maintain a stable internal environment.
Term
Organizational Complexity
Definition
Ever increasing.
Term
Energy
Definition
Changes form, but can neither be created nor destroyed.
Term
First Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
Total energy of a system is constant but can neither be created nor destroyed.

Mass of the reactants will equal the mass of the products. (E=mc^2)
Term
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
Energy transfer always results in a greater amount of disorder in the universe.
Term
Entropy
Definition
Amount of disorder, or randomness, in the universe. Entropy always increases in the universe as a whole.

(Hawking -- A cup of coffee broken on the floor will never reform by itself.)
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
Testing of hypotheses through observation and experiment.
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
Testable explanation.
Term
Theory
Definition
Set of principles, supported by evidence, that explains some aspect.
Term
Law
Definition
Theory that has yet to be proven wrong and is widely accepted.
Term
Control Group
Definition
Variables are meant to be kept constant as a means of comparison. Gives end result context.
Term
Variable
Definition
That which is being tested or changed in an experiment.
Term
Matter
Definition
A solid that has "rest mass." Can take the form of a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.
Term
Elements
Definition
Substances that cannot be reduced to simpler forms.

Defined by number of protons in nucleus.

There are 94 in total.
Term
Atoms
Definition
Building blocks for everything on Earth. Made of protons, neurons, and electrons.
Term
Protons
Definition
Found in the nucleus of an atom. Positive electric charge.

Elements are defined by number of protons in the nucleus
Term
Neurons
Definition
Found in the nucleus of an atom, neutral electric charge.
Term
Electrons
Definition
Carry negative electric charge. Circulate at a distance from the nucleus in the "electron cloud."
Term
Valence Electrons
Definition
Elements can have up to 8. If it has 8, it is a noble gas (except hydrogen and helium).
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
Number of protons plus number of neurons.
Term
Compounds
Definition
Contains molecules of two or more elements.
Term
Molecules
Definition
Consists of atoms covalently bonded together.
Term
Ion
Definition
Atom whose number of electrons differs from its number of protons, giving it an electric charge.
Term
Characteristics of Water (3)
Definition
1. Cohesion
2. Adhesion
3. Vaporization.
Term
Covalent Bonding
Definition
Two atoms are linked through a sharing of electrons. Two atoms share the valence electrons.
Term
Ionic Bonding
Definition
Atoms bonded to other atoms of opposite electric charge. One atom gives up one or more of its electrons.
Term
Hydrogen Bonding
Definition
Links an already covalently bonded atom with a second electronegative atom.
Term
Polar Molecule
Definition
Opposite charges at opposite sides of the molecule.
Term
Hydrophobic
Definition
Repels water.

Nonpolar substances. Water is more attracted to itself than a hydrophobic surface; will "bead up."
Term
Hydrophilic
Definition
Has a tendency to interact or be dissolved by water.

Water is attracted to polar and ionic substances.
Term
Solution
Definition
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Term
Solvent
Definition
Substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution.
Term
Solute
Definition
Substance being dissolved by a solvent to form a solution.
Term
Macromolecules (4)
Definition
1. Proteins
2. Lipids
3. Carbohydrates
4. Nucleic acids
Term
Proteins
Definition
Molecules composed of amino acids.
Term
Lipids
Definition
Do not dissolve in water.

(Examples: trigylcerides, steroids, phospholipids, glycerol, waxes.)
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Chain of sugars. Used first when converting food into ATP.
Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition
Polymers composed of nucleotides. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.
Term
Buffer
Definition
Keeps pH within normal levels.
Term
The Concept of pH
Definition
A measure of a substance's acidity or alkalinity.

ph 1 -- extremely acidic
ph 7 -- neutral
ph 14 -- extremely basic
Term
Acid
Definition
Substance with a pH less than 7.

As pH decreases, acidity increases.
Term
Base
Definition
Substance with a pH greater than 7.

As pH increases, alkalinity increases.
Term
pH Neutral
Definition
Substance with a pH of about 7.
Term
Monomers
Definition
Molecules that can be combined with other molecules to make a polymer.
Term
Polymers
Definition
Molecule that is made of two or more monomers.
Term
Dehydration Reaction
Definition
Chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule.
Term
Hydrolysis Reaction
Definition
The cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water.
Term
Molecular Formula
Definition
Specifies elements in a molecule. Number of atoms in the molecule is written in subscript. Does not specify spatial arrangement.
Term
Structural Formula
Definition
2D representation of a molecule that shows how atoms are arranged and the bonds between them.
Term
Chemical Equation
Definition
Symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.
Term
Amino Acids
Definition
Organized into functional groups.
Term
Peptide Bond
Definition
Joins each triplet group of nucleotides in a DNA sequence.
Term
DNA
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid.

Composed of two nucleotides linked together in a double helix.

Proteins of an organism are put together in accordance with information coded in DNA.
Term
RNA and its 3 Types
Definition
Ribonucleic acid.

1. mRNA
2. tRNA
3. rRNA
Term
mRNA
Definition
Messenger RNA. Carries a copy of the DNA code.
Term
tRNA
Definition
Transfer RNA. Identifies and transfers amino acids to the ribosome.
Term
Major differences between animal and plant cells
Definition
Animal cells do not conduct photosynthesis. Animal cells do not contain a central vacuole, chloroplasts, or cell walls. Plant cells do not contain lysosomes.
Term
Characteristics of Phospholipids
Definition
Molecules have bipolar heads and nonpolar tails.
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Control center of a cell. Holds the DNA.
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
Synthesizes rRNA. Like the nucleus of the nucleus.
Term
Nuclear Pore
Definition
Pores in nucleus that allow mRNA to pass through.
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
"Power station" of a cell. Coverts food into energy currency, ATP. Located in cytoplasm of plant and animal cells.
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
Organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in plant / algae cells.
Term
Golgi Complex
Definition
Located in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells. Processes and sorts proteins, like the "post office."
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Definition
Continuation of nuclear membrane. Looks rough because of attached ribosomes.
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Definition
Smooth because it has no ribosomes attached. Site of lipid synthesis. Harmful substances are detoxified.
Term
Spliceosome
Definition
Term
Vesicle
Definition
Transports proteins and other cellular materials. Located in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells.
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Network of protein filaments inside the cell. (Internal scaffolding.) Controls cell structure, movement, and transports materials within a cell.
Term
Lysosome
Definition
"Recycling center" of a cell. In animal cells only.
Term
Central Vacuole
Definition
Large, watery plant organelle. Maintains cell pressure, stores cell nutrients, retains and degrades waste products.
Term
Cell Wall
Definition
Only plant cells have a firm cell wall. Gives plant its shape and limits water uptake.
Term
Chloroplast
Definition
Capture the energy in light to make sugar. In plants cells only.
Term
Centrosome
Definition
Are in a cell that contains a pair of centrioles and other proteins. Replicates during S phase, making 2.
Term
Centromere
Definition
The point at which two sister chromatids connect to make one complete chromosome. Not necessarily in the center.
Term
Plasma Membrane / Cell Membrane
Definition
semi-permeable, selective
Term
Functions of Cytoskeleton
Definition
Gives structural support. Facilitates cell movement and movement of materials within cell.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
The movement of a dissolved substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane. Movement powered by the formation of new hydrogen bonds.
Term
Membrane proteins
Definition
Recognition, Receptor, Transport, and Structure proteins
Term
Lipid bilayer, phospholipids
Definition
Lipid bilayer made up of phospholipids with polar, hydrophilic heads and nonpolar, hydrophobic tails.
Term
Active transport
Definition
Transport of molecules into cells that requires energy to be expended. Materials are pumped across using transport proteins.
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
Transport of molecules into cells that does not require energy to be expended, i. e. diffusion.
Term
Isotonic
Definition
Two solutions have equal concentration of solutes.
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Surroundings are more concentrated. Fluid that has a higher concentration of solutes.
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Surroundings are less concentrated. Fluid that has a lower concentration of solutes.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
Movement of large materials into a cell by means of wrapping extensions of the plasma membrane around the material and fusing the extensions together.
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
Movement of materials into the cell.
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
Movement of materials out of the cell.
Term
Sodium-potassium pump
Definition
High concentrations of potassium ions inside the cell and sodium ions outside the cell.
Term
ATP
Definition
Energy currency. Oxygen is converted into ATP.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Proteins that catalyze reactions.
Term
Glycosis
Definition
One molecule of glucose is converted into pyruvic acid, ethyl alcohol, or lactic acid. Occurs in cytosol throughout the cell. Does not require oxygen.
Term
Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle
Definition
Production of electron carriers. Occurs in mitochondria.
Term
ETC
Definition
Electron Transport Chain
Term
Electron carriers
Definition
NAD+, FAD+
Term
Acetyl CoA
Definition
Krebs cycle: combines with something else to from citric acid.
Term
Anaerobic respiration
Definition
Term
Chlorophyll
Definition
Primary pigment active in plant photosynthesis.
Term
Where does photosynthesis take place?
Definition
Chloroplasts of plant cells.
Term
Light reaction
Definition
Stage 1 of photosynthesis. Includes Photosystem II, then Photosystem I. Located within the thylakoid membrane.
Term
Dark reaction, Calvin Cycle
Definition
Stage 2 of photosynthesis. Called "dark" because it does not require light. Produces glucose which becomes plant material. Consumes carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH.
Term
Genome
Definition
Entire set of instructions to create all the proteins in an organism.
Term
Genes
Definition
The genome is like a book of instructions; a gene is like a sentence within that book. Determines a particular trait of an organism.
Term
Chromosome
Definition
Area in the cell that contains a pair of centrioles and other proteins.
Term
Chromatid
Definition
1 of a pair of DNA bundles attached to its sister chromatid at a centromere. (Half of the X-looking thing that makes uo one chromosome.)
Term
Homologous chromosomes
Definition
Chromosomes in a matched pair. Females have 23 matched pairs, males have 22.
Term
Allele
Definition
Alternate (mutated) DNA sequence at the same physical location on a chromosome as original gene.
Term
Nucleotides (A, T, G, C)
Definition
4 bases that make up DNA sequence.

- A always paired with T.
- G always paired with C.
Term
Protein synthesis
Definition
1. Transcription -- DNA unwinds and mRNA is copied
2. Translation -- On ribosome, mRNA is read using tRNA
Term
Ribosome
Definition
Workbench. "Reads" messenger RNA.
Term
Codons
Definition
A triplet code of nucleotides in DNA and RNA sequences. (ATA, CCT, etc.)
Term
Anticodons
Definition
Complementary to codons. (Codon is ATA, anticodon is TAT. GCT / CGA -- etc.)
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
Amino acids are joined together to from a polypeptide chain.
Term
Three stages of the Cell Growth Cycle
Definition
1. Interphase
2. Mitosis
3. Cytokinesis
Term
Interphase
Definition
Growth stage of cell division.

G1 interphase - major cell growth
S interphase - synthesis of DNA
G2 interphase - 2nd growth
Term
Which cells are in G0 phase?
Definition
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Normal cell division. Chromosome number stays the same. Moves DNA strands -- chromosome organization and separation.
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
Separation of 2 new cells. Third and final stage of Cell Growth Cycle.
Term
Binary fission
Definition
Bacterial cell division
Term
Cancer cell characteristics
Definition
Uncontrolled cell growth, lack of contact inhibition
Term
Oncogene tumor suppressor theory of cancer
Definition
Oncogene starts cell division -- accelerator pedal. Tumor suppressor gene shuts down cell cycle until damaged DNA is repaired -- brake pedal. If the tumor suppressor gene is damaged, it can't prevents cells from multiplying.
Term
Telomere and immortality
Definition
DNA caps. Repeating DNA sequence at chromosome ends. Protects chromosomes from degradation.

In cancer cells, these DNA caps are repaired; cancer cells are immortal
Term
Karyotype
Definition
Photographic arrangement of the matched chromatid pairs.
Term
Diploid
Definition
2n
Term
Haploid
Definition
1n
Term
Gametes
Definition
Reproductive cells -- sperm and eggs
Term
Somatic cells
Definition
Ordinary body cell not related to sexual reproduction
Term
Germ cells
Definition
Term
Oogenesis
Definition
Creation of eggs, female sex cells. Occurs in ovaries.
Term
Spermatogenesis
Definition
Creation of sperm, male sex cells, Occurs in testes.
Term
How many gametes are produced in meiosis from an initial cell?
Definition
4. In males, all 4 become sperm. In females, 1 becomes an egg, and the other 3 will be degraded.
Term
How many human genes are there?
Definition
Because of alternative splicing, no one knows for sure. Estimated 20,000.
Term
How many chromosomes does a human have?
Definition
23 pairs, or 46 chromosomes
Term
Normal sex chromosomes
Definition
female XX, male XY
Term
Abnormal sex chromosomes
Definition
X - Turner's syndrome
Y - always fatal
XXX
XYY
XXY - Klinefelter's syndrome
Term
Parthenogenesis
Definition
Asexual reproduction. Very rare in complex organisms.
Term
SRY gene
Definition
The primary male gene. Located on Y. Protein triggers development of male sex organs.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
Cell division that results in halving the chromosome number. Only gametes undergo meiosis.
Term
Phosphase
Definition
Occurs in interphase stage of cell mitosis. DNA packs into visible chromosomes. Nuclear membrane breaks up and disappears.
Term
Why do cells need to divide?
Definition
- repair / replacement -- cells have a "programmed death"
- repair in the case of injury
- growth / development throughout organism lifecycle
- inefficient for cells themselves to grow bigger, so instead they make more
Term
rRNA
Definition
Ribosomal RNA
Term
Primary Structure of Proteins

(1 of 4)
Definition
Sequence of amino acids.
Term
Secondary Structure of Proteins

(2 of 4)
Definition
Pleated or corkscrew helix, or random coil.
Term
Tertiary Structure of Proteins

(3 of 4)
Definition
Folded polypeptide chain.
Term
Quaternary Structure of Proteins

(4 of 4)
Definition
Two or more polypeptide chains linked together.
Term
What is a lay article?
Definition
- published by a non-scientific newspaper, magazine, or website
- meant for the general population
- written by a journalist or columnist
- not peer-reviewed
- does not follow the scientific method
Term
LH, female hormone
Definition
causes ovulation
Term
FSH, female hormone
Definition
causes wall of uterus to thicken
Term
Progestin, female hormone
Definition
causes onset of menses
Term
HCG, female hormone
Definition
hormone detected in urine by home pregnancy tests
Term
How do we differentiate a bacterial colony from a fungi or mold?
Definition
Bacteria is smooth, fungi is fuzzy
Term
Characteristics of lichens
Definition
leathery, thin, green in color from algae
Term
What is the difference between an angiosperm and a gymnosperm?
Definition
Angiosperm -- seeds in flowers, fruit
Gymnosperms -- seeds in cones
Term
3 body plans for animal kingdom
Definition
1) aysmmetric (least complex)
2) radial symmetry (more complex)
3) bilateral symmetry (most complex)
Term
Autotroph
Definition
Plants -- green in color, conducts photosynthesis
Term
Heterotroph
Definition
People, animals -- has to eat or absorb its food, cannot produce food itself
Term
Energy in food chains
Definition
Flows from the bottom (plants) up
Term
Keystone species
Definition
Species whose absence would cause drastic change (bees, starfish)
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
Community of organisms (plants, animals) and nonliving things (soil, air, water)
Term
Biotic factors of an ecosystem
Definition
Living things
Term
Abiotic factors of an ecosystem
Definition
Nonliving things
Term
When did a major influenza epidemic occur in the United States? (in-class movie)
Definition
1918
Supporting users have an ad free experience!