Shared Flashcard Set

Details

biol 100
jef jaegar
98
Biology
Undergraduate 1
05/13/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
endocrine system def
Definition
system of glands and organs containing tissues that produce hormones to regulate body development. and which interacts with nervous system to promote homeostasis.
Term
hormone def
Definition
`one of a # of molecules secreted in one part of an oganism that regulate function of cells/organ systems.
secreted in minute amouts by cells in the endocrine system
move through blood stream to bind with RECEPTORS in specific cells
once bound, influences target cell
other cells without the correct receptors are not directly effected
Term
complexity of endocrine system (glands)
Definition
pineal gland, parthryoid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland
main function: homeostasis
Term
endocrine con.
Definition
water soluble and lipid soluble hormones
Term
lipid soluble hormones:
Definition
include steroid hormones derive from cholesterol
move easily thru cell membranes
bind with receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus
complex attaches to dna and activates genes
translation + transcription (gene synthesis)
enzymes produced that alter activity of cell
Term
water soluble hormones (trigger)
Definition
tend to act MORE QUICKLY.
protein(peptide) hormones
cannot pass thru membranes
bind with receptors on cell surface which activates a second molecule in cytoplasm, that then influences enzymes in cell
Term
regulation of hormones-
stimuli that cause the production and release of hormones:
Definition
signals from nervous system
other hormones
changes in ion levels
changes in nutrient levels in blood
Term
regulation is mostly by:
Definition
NEGative feedback
Term
examples of regulation by neg feedback
Definition
pancreas senses high level of GLUCOSE in blood and secretes insulin
insulin prompts liver to store glucose
glucose levels in blood drop
pancreas senses low level of glucose in blood, stops secreting insulin
Term
interactions betwn hormones
Definition
antagonistic: ex. pancreas secretes insulin AND glucagon
synergistic: ex. epine and glucagon both prompt liver release of glucose
permissive: ex. one hormone must be present for other to work.
Term
neurosecretory cells are
Definition
specialized neurons
transmit and generate nerve impulses AND secrete hormones.
in effect, both neurons and endocrine cells.
Term
blood
Definition
connective tissue. specialized.
Term
blood functions
Definition
transport (nutrients, wastes)
protection (immune cells)
regulation (body temp. buffers)
Term
blood composition
Definition
plasma = liquid matrix
FORMED ELEMENTS: (from red bone marrow stem cells.)
-platelets
-white blood cells
-red blood cells
-fibers
Term
white blood cells
Definition
aka Leuokocutes. produced in erd bone marrow.
house keeping - remove damaged cells
immune cells - fight disease
Term
two main types of WBC
Definition
granulocytes - large sacs full of cell killing chemicals
agranulocutes - lack large granules
Term
types of granulocytes
Definition
neutrophils- most abundant. first to site of infection. phagocytosis.
eosinophils- contain toxins against parasitic worms.
basophils- release histamines (chemicals that attract WBO)
Term
types of agranulocytes
Definition
monocytes - largest WBC. become MACROPHAGES outside of bloodstream. engulf dead cells.
lymphocytes- specific immunity cells
Term
types of lymphocytes
Definition
-B cells: produce antibodies that recognize antigens
-T cells: cellular defense
Term
red blood cells
Definition
erythrocytes. most abundant formed element.
contains hemoglobin (oxygen carrying molecule)
transports oxygen from lungs to cells (also can carry CO2 from cells to lungs)
Term
red blood cell structure
Definition
biconcave disc:
-maximizes surface area to volume -ratio
-forms stacks
-flexible
-no nuclei and few organelles (mostly a sac of hemoglobin)
Term
hemoglobin molecule
Definition
each made of 4 polypeptide chains
each chain contains iron ion (that binds to oxygen)
each RBC contains about 280 million hemoglobin molecules
Term
regulation of RBC
(neg feedback loop)
Definition
kidney senses O2 in blood > if low, releases erythoprotein hormones > EPO acts on red bone marrow to increase RBC production > mature RBCs released > (fig 11.5 didnt write this down)
Term
blood types
Definition
Rh factor - based on presence/absence of surface antigen on RBC.
no Rh factor on RBC = Rh-
Rh factor = Rh+
inheritance
rh+ = dominant
Term
cardiovascular system
Definition
heart and blood vessels
function: move flood
active system
Term
blood vessels
Definition
conduct blood thruout the body
arranged as branching networks
3 main types:
arteries - take blood away from heart
veins - toward heart
capillaries - site of exchange.
Term
blood circulation
Definition
a circle.
heart > artery > arteriole > capillaries > venule > vein > heart
Term
veins
Definition
movement of blood toward heart cause by:
gravity
pressure of blood pumped from heart associated with blackflow valves
skeletal muscle contraction
Term
capillaries
Definition
tight
microscopic blood vessels
sites of nutrient and gas exchange (diffusion)
substances are exchanged between the blood and tissue fluids across the plasma membrane of the capillary cells or thru slits btwn capillary cells
Term
heart
pumps
Definition
70 contractions per min. pumps 5 liters per min.
comprised of two separate pumps:
right side pumps blood to lungs
left side pumps blood to body cells
Term
left side
Definition
aorta
pulmonary veins
oxygen RICH from lungs
Term
right side
Definition
superior and inferior vena cava
pulmonary artery
oxygen POOR from body to lungs
Term
heart contractions
Definition
cardiac muscle cells are packed together ad have interweaved membranes
this allows electrical signal to SPREAD RAPIDLY across heart.
also allows muscle cells to work together during contractions
Term
heart contraction node
Definition
sinoatrial node - SA node fires
atrioventricular node - stimulus spread across atria and to AV node. start of atrial contraction
relays signal to specialized muscle cells that penetrate the ventricles (start of ventricle contraction)
Term
lymphatic system
Definition
system that returns INTERSTITIAL fluids (bathe cells) back to bloodstream.
protects and transports
returns products of fat digestion from small intestine.
Term
main parts of lymphatic system
Definition
lymph (liquid)
lymph nodes: filter lymph. has macrophages and lymphocytes.
spleen
thymus
Term
cardiovascular disease
Definition
major cause of death in us
high blood pressure + hypertension
heart damage. kidney damage. blood vessel damage.
lifestyle most important.
Term
cardiov disease con.
Definition
ATHEROSOLEROSIS (hardening)
and coronary artery deasease in walls
buildup of fatty substances of arteries.
associated with a complex inflammatory response.
Term
digestive system functions
Definition
breakdown macromolecules into absorbable units. forming molecules small enough to absorb into bloodstream.
rid body of wastes.
Term
gastrointestinal track
Definition
mucosa - mucus secreting membrane
submucosa - connective tissue: blood + lymph vessels, nerves
muscularis - two layers of smooth muscle
serosa - connective tissue that secretes a fluid
Term
mouth
Definition
mechanical digestion - jaw, teeth, tongue
moistens- saliva
start of chemical digestion: amylase- enzyme that digests starch
monitors food quality: nerves, taste bud(receptors)
Term
pharynx
Definition
throat.
passage way for food and air.
Term
esophagus
Definition
muscular tube that conducts food from pharynx to stomach.
movement via PERISTALSIS
(inner circular layer of muscle cause contraction
outer layer cause shortening of contracting period)
Term
stomach
Definition
muscular structure- 3 layers.
stores food
mechanical digestion (liquifies food in hours into CHYME)
chemical digestion of proteins
Term
stomach
chemicals in digestion:
Definition
pepsin - protein digesting enzyme
hydrochloric acid - kills most bacteria. breaks down connective tissue.
Term
PREVENTION OF SELF DIGESTION:
Definition
mucus (alkalane/basic)
inactive pepsin (without HCI) = pepsinogen
high replacement rate of cells
Term
ulcers and heartburn
def
Definition
heartburn: valve that keeps stuff in stomach is weak
stomach contents move up esophagus
ulcer: peptic ulcers
stomach lining eroded by gastric juices. causes-
-use of NSAIDs
-heliobacter (inflammation)
Term
small intestine
Definition
absorption
very large surface area:
-folds
-villi
-microvilli
Term
pancreas
Definition
bile
liver produces bile which is stored in gallbladder and released into small intestine
pancreas produces digestive enzymes and juices that neutralize stomach acid
Term
liver
Definition
filters and detoxifies blood
produces bile
packages lipids
Term
hepatitis
Definition
variety of viruses that destroy liver cells
Term
large intestine
Definition
water (re) absorption
vitamin absorption
bacteria
feces storage and elimination
Term
nutrients
Definition
energy sources (for the formation of ATP)
building blocks (ex. amino acids)
vitamins as coenzymes
minerals
water (chemical reactions, temperature regulation)
Term
2 types of nutrients
Definition
essential nutrients - MUST be acquired thru food
nonessential nutrients - can be synthesized in body
Term
lipids review
Definition
insoluble in water
saturated: with hydrogens
unsaturated: has kink
trans fats
triglycerides: 95% of fats in food
Term
functions of fats
Definition
energy storage
certain fats are important for structure:
-cholesterol in membranes
-steroid hormones
-myelin sheaths (fats are components of it)
insulator (poor conductor of heat)
protection/shock absorption
absorption of some vitamins (a, d, e, k associated with fat absorbed)
Term
fats and health
Definition
average you need about 1 tbsp of fat
most consume 6 - 8
Term
high fat in diet associated with:
Definition
obesity (high blood pressure, diabetes)
certain cancers (colon, prostate)
linked to atherosclerosis
Term
cholesterol
Definition
tpye of fat.
consumed in food, but MOST synthesized by the liver.
binds with proteins and triglycerides to be carried around body (lipoproteins)
LDL (low density liporpoteins) carry it to cells and artery walls
HDL carry it away from cells and walls
Term
what fats to eat
Definition
saturated fats raise LDL levels (beef, pig, chicken)
trans fats raise LDL AND lower HDL (soy)
mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fats (omega3 omega6) lower LDL
(nuts, olives, canola, corn, oils)
Term
carbs
Definition
sugar, strch, fiber
energy source
predominately from plants
simple carb
complex carb
Term
simple carb
Definition
sugars, mono, di
we mostly have refined carbs stripped of vitamins and fiber
Term
complex cab
Definition
starch and fiber
starches are broken down during digestion into simple sugars. fibers pass thru.
Term
glycemic response
Definition
how quick a food is converted to blood sugar
how much it affects blood sugar levels:
-high glycemic load= high processed bread/cereals
-low glycemic load= whole fruit, vegetables, whole grain
Term
blood sugar control
Definition
pancreas - senses blood sugar level, releases insulin
insulin - acts to increase glucose absorption by liver
liver
glucagon - signals liver to release
Term
proteins
Definition
we eat to gain amino acids to make our own proteins
complete proteins - contain all essential amino acids
incomplete proteins - not all essential, some
Term
vitamins
Definition
small carbon containing compounds
only 13 needed
assist enzymes
except for D, we must acquire from food
water soluble = c + b
fat soluble = a, d, e, k
TABLE 15a.1
Term
minerals
Definition
INORGANIC substances (elements)
used for a variety of purposes
SEVEN are needed in large amounts (calcium phosph magne potass chloride sodium sulfur)
need trace amounts of others
table 15a.2
Term
sexually transmitted BACTERIA
name the 3
Definition
not virus.
chlamydia - epidemic
gonorrhea
syphillis
Term
chlamydia and gonorrhea
Definition
infect mucus membranes
common symptoms: urinary tract infection.
treatable with antibiotics. long term causes sterility.
Term
syphilis
name 3 stages
Definition
invades mucuous membranes or thru broken skin
can cross placenta to fetus
treatable in early stages
three stages:
-hard painless bump at infection
-reddish brown rash over entire body
-lesions on skin, nervous tissue, bone, and blood vessels.
Term
sexually transmitted viruses
2
Definition
herpes simplex virus1 - lips
hsv2 - genitals
Term
hsv 1 and 2
Definition
contagious, spread by contact
common symptoms: genital gerpes, fever, aching muscles, swollen lymph. sometimes asymptomatic.
NO CURE.
newborn infection possible
Term
human papillomaviruses (HPVS)
Definition
genital warts
contagious by contact
symptoms: warts in vagina, anus, cevix
most people dont know their infected
Term
hpv con.
Definition
epidemic in US
treatable (freezing, burning, ect)
body's defenses CAN eliminate infections
some hpvs linked to cancer:
cervical, penile, throat
Term
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Definition
causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome
acquired thru contact in mucus membrane/broken skin/blood to blood
commonly infects HELPER T CELLS
Term
stages of HIV
Definition
initial infection
asymptomatic stage
initial disease
early immune failure and AIDs
Term
hiv initial infection
Definition
virus replicates in body
immune system makes antibodies
may have symptoms of enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, brain disorders.
contagious stage
Term
hiv asymptomatic stage
Definition
over weeks/months, immune system defends
virus retreats to organs, particularly lymph nodes.
replicate in helper t cells in lymph.
Term
hiv initial disease stage
Definition
immune system falters, helper t cells decline
swollen lymph nodes
wasting syndrome (weight loss)
neurological disorders (spreads to brain, spinal, or pns)
Term
hiv early immune failure and aids stage
Definition
immune system starts to collapse
infections associated with weak immune system: thrush, shingles
immune system crashes. helper t cells low.
AIDs.
you dont die of aids, but the pathogens that invade and cancers that spread thanks to it.
Term
pathogens
Definition
organisms that cause diesease/infection

bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, parisitic worms, prions (infectious proteins)
Term
body's 3 lines of defense
Definition
1. physical and chemical barriers
2. internal cellular and chemical defenses (attack)
3. immune responses (destroy specific invaders, remember them)
Term
physical and chemical barriers
Definition
skin/sweat/oil.
mucus membranes- trap microbes.
chemical barriers- stomach: acid and protein digesting pepsid enzyme. also saliva.
beneficial bacteria- in intestines, appear to limit invasion thru competition.
Term
internal cellular and chem defenses
5
Definition
Defensive cells: WBCs.
Defensive proteins: interferons.
Complement systems
Inflammation
Fever
Term
defensive cells
Definition
WBCs. leokocytes. phagocytes. natural killer cells.
main types- neutrophils (most abundant) monocytes (largest)(become macrophages)
Term
defensive proteins
Definition
interferons. proteins released by virus-infected cells that attract NK cells and macrophages.
also signal that warns other cells.
Term
complement system
Definition
proteins that complement body defense. can directly make holes in cell membranes. attract macro and neutros.
stimulate blood vessel widening for WBCs (inflammation)
Term
inflammation
Definition
response by defensive cells and chemicals to infection.
redness
heat
swelling - histamines (induce swelling which makes capillaries weaker)
pain
Term
fever
Definition
caused by Pyrogens - raise the temp set point in hypothalamus
mild moderate temp appears to help body fight infections. increased metabolic rate which speeds up defenses and repair. stimulates liver and spleen to remove bacteria.
Term
adaptive immune response
Definition
specific defense response and memory
defensive cells recognize specific invader. (nonself = antigen. triggers immune response.)
lymphocytes:
-B cells
-T cells
Term
steps in adaptive immune response
Definition
threat
detection
alert
alarm
attack (defense)
Term
threat
Definition
pathogen evades first two lienes of defense (phago and chemical/phsyical barriers)
and enters body
Term
detection
Definition
macrophage encounters pathogen, digests it, then transports some of its proteins onto cell surface
Term
alert
Definition
macrophage with antigens on it encounters SPECIFIC helper t cell that recognizes antigen
Term
alarm
Definition
helper t cell secretes chemical message that activates t/b cells with ability to bind to antigen
Term
attack
Definition
activated b or t cells start rapid mitotic division making 'effector cells' that attack pathogen. (clone army)
Term
adaptive immune response final step
Definition
activated b or t cells ALSO produce some MEMORY cells that can recognize and respond to antigen. can live for years.
second response is much quicker.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!