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Biogeography
Carleton U Midterm
70
Biology
Undergraduate 3
10/16/2011

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Term
Phylogenetic Species
Definition
Sexually reproducing organisms that share one diagnostic feature that is absent in other organisms.
Term
Biological Species
Definition
Group of organims that interbreed.
Term
3 Hierarchies used in Biogeography
Definition
Taxonomic, Ecological and Trophic
Term
Evolutionary Species
Definition
Direct ancestor-descendent relationship tracable in fossil record.
Term
Ecological Hierarchy
Definition
How organisms interact with others and the environment (individual, population, community....)
Term
Community
Definition
All populations of organisms that live and interact within a prescribed area.
Term
Assemblages
Definition
Subset of a communit (ex. Fen plant species)
Term
Guild
Definition
Groups of animal species that have similar forms, habitat and resource requirements.
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
Relationship between community species and the physical factors of the environment, especially flows of energy and matter through the system.
Term
Biome
Definition
Large areas of the earth's surface with similar climate and vegetation.
Term
Factors that determine the distribution of Biomes.
Definition
Temperature and precipitation.
Term
Global distribution of precipitation controlled by...
Definition
Surface conditions and atmospheric circulation patterns.
Term
Krummholz
Definition
Trees with shrub morphology
Term
3 plant adaptations to tundra biome
Definition
Low stature and cusion form, heliotrophic flowers, perennial growth.
Term
Factors that control the distribution of organisms.
Definition
Light, temperature and moisture.
Term
Trophic Hierarchy
Definition
Flow of energy through ecosystems.
Term
Percentage of incoming energy that fuels the biosphere
Definition
0.1-0.3%
Term
Typical number of trophic levels.
Definition
3-6
Term
Physical resources
Definition
Abiotic things and organism must assimilate. (Eg. water)
Term
Physical factor.
Definition
Abiotic parameter that are not consumed, but determine the physical or chemical limits within which an organism can live (salinity, pH)
Term
Factors controlling broad distributions.
Definition
Temperature, moisture and light.
Term
Factors controlling local distributions.
Definition
Nutrients and pH
Term
Law of Minimum.
Definition
Liebig (1840). Success of an organism is determined by the one crucial environmental ingredient in short supply. Growth is reduced when in short supply, death from absence.
Term
PAR
Definition
Photosynthetically active radiation. Radiation used for photosynthesis (visible spectrum).
Term
Heliophytes
Definition
Grow best in full sunlight.
Term
Sciophytes.
Definition
Grow best in shade.
Term
Biogeography
Definition
Synthetic science that studies the distribution of other organisms
Term
Buffon's Law
Definition
Distant regions with similar climate have different animal species.
Term
Tundra canopy type
Definition
Shrub canopy
Term
Tundra ground cover vegetation type
Definition
sedges, grasses, herbs and mosses
Term
3 plant adaptations to Tundra biome
Definition
Low statue (cushion form), Heliotrophic flowers, perennial growth.
Term
Boreal Forest canopy vegetation type.
Definition
Pine, spruce, fir
Term
Boreal Forest shrub layer vegetation type
Definition
Evergreen and deciduous.
Term
3 plant adaptations to fire
Definition
Underground tissues, thick bark and serotinous cones
Term
C3 most advantageous under what conditions?
Definition
Low light intensity and low temperature.
Term
Photorespiration
Definition
Release of CO2 without photosynthetic production. C3 plants susceptible to this under high heat and light.
Term
C4 plants best adapted to what conditions?
Definition
High light intensity and high temperature.
Term
CAM plants best adapted to what conditions?
Definition
Dry, hot conditions.
Term
At what latitude are C3 and C4 equally advantageous?
Definition
45 degrees North. Below that, C4 superior. Above that, C3 superior.
Term
Life history trait of shade tolerant plant.
Definition
Perennial
Term
Life history trait of plants in high light conditions.
Definition
Annual
Term
Plant strategies to deal with cold temperatures (5)
Definition
Dormancy, supercooling, decreased cellular water content , forst hardening and leaf hairs.
Term
Animal adaptations to warm temperatures. (4)
Definition
Decreased metabolic rate, avoidance, color changes, increased surface area.
Term
Animal adaptations to cool temperatures.
Definition
Increased metabolic rate, avoidance, dormancy and insulation.
Term
3 coping strategies for plants in dry conditions.
Definition
Water stress escapees, avoiders and tolerators.
Term
Local causes of precipitation (3)
Definition
Convective, frontal and orographic
Term
Lotka-Volterra model for prey
Definition
dN/dt = rN - a'PN
Term
Lotka-Volterra model for predators
Definition
dP/dt = fa'PN - qP
Term
Keystone species
Definition
Species that have a greater influence on the composition of an ecosytem than would be expected based on their biomass.
Term
Allelopathy
Definition
The release of chemical to inhibit other species (interference competition)
Term
Dendrochronology
Definition
Using tree rings to analyze temporal and spatial patterns
Term
Ring porous
Definition
Hardwoods deposit larger pores in spring, smaller ones in summer. Good for analysis.
Term
Diffuse porous
Definition
Hardwoods lay vessels down uniformly. Tropical, hard to analyze.
Term
5 benefits of tree-ring analysis.
Definition
Annual resolution, absolute dating, longevity, spatial distribution and low cost.
Term
Autochthonous
Definition
Sediment inputs that originate within the lake
Term
Allochthonous
Definition
Sediment inputs that originate outside the lake
Term
3 uses of fire scars in dendropyrochronology.
Definition
When fire occured (year), year of tree establishment after big fire, dating growth patterns after fire.
Term
2 tree features used to date events in dendrogeomorphology.
Definition
Reaction wood and shear scars.
Term
4 tree ring signatures that indicate insect outbreaks.
Definition
Growth reduction, growth release, death dates and residual signatures.
Term
Growth release.
Definition
Doubling of the ring-width over a ten-year period.
Term
3 types of responses of terrestrial vegetation to fire effects.
Definition
Fire intolerant, fire tolerant and fire resistant.
Term
Fire- intolerant plant.
Definition
Highly flammable and completely destroyed.
Term
Fire-tolerant plants
Definition
Resprouters - able to withstant some form of fire and grow despite some damage.
Term
Fire resistant plants.
Definition
Suffer little damage from fires.
Term
3 factors governing rates of fire spread and intensity.
Definition
Flammable vegetation, homogenous topography and strong winds.
Term
Epicormic sprouting
Definition
Regrowth of foliage from trunks and branches following a fire.
Term
Pertubation
Definition
Changes in structure/function of an ecosystem without loss of biomass or initiation of succession.
Term
Resilience
Definition
The amount of disturbance that an ecosystem could withstand without changing self-organized processes and structures.
Term
Resilience depends on 2 factors...
Definition
Size of disturbance and stability of the system.
Term
Succession
Definition
Directional change in ecosystem structure and function.
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