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Biodiversity
Lecture 27
47
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/06/2011

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Term
Asteroidea
Definition
sea stars are in what class?
Term
brittle stars
Definition
__ crawl on their long, flexible arms
Term
Ophiuriodea
Definition
Brittle stars are in what class?
Term
Echinoidea
Definition
Sea urchins and sand dollars are in what class?
Term
sea urchins and sand dollars
Definition
___ and ___ have no arms, but they do have five rows of tube feet that function in movement.
Term
Crinoidea
Definition
___ are sea lilies that live attached to the substrate by a stalk
Term
sea cucumbers
Definition
___ do not look much like other echinoderms, and have no spines. They also have a unique way of defending themselves.
Term
Holothuroidea
Definition
Sea cucumbers are in class ___.
Term
chordata.
Definition
Phylum ___, the phylum to which humans belong includes some invertebrates and the vertebrates.
Term
52,000
Definition
there are about ___ species of vertebrates, which include the largest organisms ever to live on the earth.
Term
chordata
Definition
Vertebrates are a sumbphylum of the phylum ___.
Term
bilaterian
Definition
Chordates are ___ animals
Term
pharyngeal slits
Definition
Chordates have grooves in the neck called ___.
Term
breathing
Definition
Pharyngeal slits are used for ___ in aquatic vertebrates.
Term
parts of the head and neck
Definition
Pharyngeal slits develop into parts of the ___ and ___ in terrestrial vertebrates.
Term
tail
Definition
All chordates have a ___, although in many species it is lost during embryonic development.
Term
tunicates, urochordata
Definition
___, subphylum ___ are the earliest branch of chordates are are marine animals commonly called sea squirts.
Term
filtering food particles
Definition
an adult tunicate draws in water through a siphon, ___.
Term
lancelets, cephalochordata
Definition
___, subphylum ___ are named for their bladelike shape.
Term
craniates
Definition
___ are chordates with a skull
Term
head
Definition
the evolution of a ___ opened up a new way of feeding for chordates: predation
Term
Cambrian explosion
Definition
Craniates evolved during the ___.
Term
Haikouella, china
Definition
The earliest craniate fossils are those of the 3-cm-long ___, discovered in 1999 in ___, it had eyes and a brain but no skull.
Term
Haikouichthys
Definition
___ had a skull and thus is a true craniate.
Term
hagfishes
Definition
the most primitive surviving craniate lineage is the ___.
Term
hagfishes
Definition
___ are jawless with a cartilage skull and no vertebrae
Term
vertebrates
Definition
During the Cambrian explosion, a group of craniates evolved into ___.
Term
- vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
- an elaborate skull
- fin rays (in aquatic forms),
- or limb bones (that evolved from these fin rays)
Definition
What are the derived characters of vertebrates?
Term
lampreys
Definition
___ are the oldest living group of vertebrates.
Term
lampreys
Definition
___ have cartilaginous vertebrae and no jaws.
Term
conodonts
Definition
The __ were the first vertebrates with mineralized teeth.
Term
gnathostomes
Definition
___ are vertebrates with jaws. Today they far outnumber jawless vertebrates.
Term
- enhanced nervous systems, including the lateral lines of fish
- a bony endoskeleton
Definition
What are other characteristics of gnathostomes?
Term
placoderms
Definition
The earliest gnathostomes in the fossil record are an extinct line of armored vertebrates called ___.
Term
Chondrichthyes
Definition
Members of class ___ have a skeleton made of cartilage.
Term
mineralized skeleton
Definition
The carilaginous skeleton evolved secondarily from a ___.
Term
Chondrichthyes
Definition
___ include sharks and rays
Term
blacktip reef shark
Definition
the ___ are fast swimmers with acute senses
Term
rays
Definition
most ___ are bottom-dwellers that eat molluscs and crustaceans.
Term
ratfishes
Definition
a second group of carilaginous fish is called the ___.
Term
Osteichthyes
Definition
the vast majority of vertebrates belong to a group called ___, or bony fishes.
Term
operculum
Definition
Fish breathe by drawing water over four of five pairs of gills covered by a protective bony flap called the ___.
Term
ray-finned
Definition
the ___ include nearly all the familiar fish
Term
lobe-finned
Definition
the ___ have muscular pectoral limbs
Term
coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods
Definition
the lobe-finned fish include ___, ___, and ___.
Term
tetrapods
Definition
___ are bony fish that have limbs and feet
Term
- four limbs with feet and digits
- ears for detecting airborne sounds
Definition
what are the derived characters of tetrapods?
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