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Biodiversity
Lecture 15
49
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/18/2011

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Term
phylogeny
Definition
The evolutionary history of a species or a group of species
Term
information about ancient organisms
Definition
Biologists use the fossil record for ____
Term
systematics
Definition
A technique for analyzing relatedness between organisms
Term
systematists
Definition
___ use biological evidence to develop hypotheses about relatedness
Term
phylogenies
Definition
family trees
Term
• fossil,
• morphological, and
• molecular
Definition
Phylogenies (or family trees) are based on what three kinds of evidence of common ancestry?
Term
sedimentary rocks
Definition
the richest source of fossils
Term
strata
Definition
sedimentary rocks are developed into layers called ___
Term
the fossil record
Definition
___ is based on the sequence in which fossils have accumulated in such strata
Term
ancestral characteristics
Definition
Fossils can reveal ___ that have been lost over time
Term
phylogenetic history
Definition
___ can be inferred from morphological and molecular similarities in living organisms
Term
morphological and molecular similarities
Definition
Phylogenetic history can be inferred from ___ in living organisms
Term
more closely related
Definition
In general, organisms that share similar
morphologies are likely to be ___
Term
similarity due to convergent evolution, called analogy, rather than shared ancestry
Definition
One potential miss-step in constructing a
phylogeny is:
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
One potential miss-step in constructing a phylogeny is similarity due to ___, called analogy, rather than shared ancestry
Term
analogy
Definition
One potential miss-step in constructing a phylogeny is similarity due to convergent evolution, called ___, rather than shared ancestry
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
occurs when similar environmental pressures produce similar adaptations in organisms from different lineages
Term
homoplasies
Definition
Analogous are called ___.
Term
homoplasies
Definition
These characteristics look similar but are not due to relatedness
Term
nucleotides
Definition
“rungs” or building blocks of DNA
Term
computer programs
Definition
Systematists use ___ to analyze DNA
Term
taxonomy
Definition
Is the grouping of organisms into categories based on their similarities
Term
phylogenetic systematics
Definition
connects taxonomy with evolutionary history
Term
binomial nomenclature
Definition
Is the two-part format for the scientific name of an organism
Term
Linnaeus
Definition
Who developed binomial nomenclature?
Term
the Latinized genus and species
Definition
The scientific or binomial name of an organism is the ___
Term
Linnaeus
Definition
___ introduced a hierarchical system for grouping species in increasingly broad categories
Term
taxa
Definition
Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in phylogenetic trees of related ___
Term
clade
Definition
Is a group of taxa including an ancestral species and all of its descendants
Term
cladogram
Definition
Is a graphic depiction of a clade
Term
cladistics
Definition
Is the study of phylogeny using clades
Term
all groupings of organisms qualify as clades
Definition
Clades can be nested within larger clades, but not ___
Term
monophyletic
Definition
A valid clade is ___.
Term
monophyletic
Definition
it consists of the ancestor species and all of its descendants
Term
paraphyletic clade
Definition
Is an erroneous grouping that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants
Term
polyphyletic grouping
Definition
Includes numerous types of organisms that are not close relatives
Term
shared primitive character
Definition
Is a homologous structure that predates the branching of a particular clade
Term
shared primitive character
Definition
Is shared with other taxa beyond the one we are trying to define
Term
shared derived character
Definition
Is an evolutionary novelty unique to a
particular clade
Term
shared derived characters
Definition
Clades are defined by ___
Term
outgroup comparison
Definition
Systematists use a method called ___ to differentiate between shared derived and shared primitive characteristics
Term
the outgroup comparison
Definition
Enables us to focus on just those few pertinent characters that were derived at various branch points in the evolution of a clade.
Term
when divergences occurred; come first
Definition
Phylogenetic trees don’t tell you exactly___, only which ones must have ___
Term
phylogram
Definition
In a ___ the length of a branch reflects the number of changes in a DNA sequence in that lineage
Term
ultrametric tree
Definition
an ___ contains data from the fossil record to place branches in the context of geological time
Term
parsimonious tree
Definition
The most parsimonious tree is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary events (or shared derived characters) to have occurred
Term
fewest
Definition
The most parsimonious tree is the one that requires the ___ evolutionary events (or shared derived characters) to have occurred
Term
those that fit the most data
Definition
The best hypotheses for phylogenetic trees are ___.
Term
– morphological,
– molecular,
– and fossil
Definition
The best hypotheses for phylogenetic trees are those that fit the best data: ___, ____ and ___.
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