Term
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Definition
excavating and PRESERVING human material culture
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Term
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Definition
classical arch.
babylon
antiquarian |
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Term
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Definition
| italian who studied greek shit |
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Term
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Definition
father of modern arch
homers iliad
discovered troy
developed techniques |
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Term
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Definition
found lithic tools
argued with church |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how things are preserved in the arch. record |
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Term
| Context Analysis - what are the three parts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Steps in Recovering Arch Evidence |
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Definition
1) site survey
2) site excavation
3) lab analysis |
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Term
| Steps in Recovering Arch Evidence |
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Definition
1) site survey
2) site excavation
3) lab analysis |
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Term
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Definition
explains bipedalism
people walked upright to see over savannah grass
frees up hands for tool use |
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Term
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Definition
2.5-10k
big game hunting and gathering |
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Term
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Definition
10k-7k
big game to small game
extensive gathering |
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Term
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Definition
7k-3k
beginning of agriculture to METAL tool use |
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Term
| When did first tools arrive? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did use of fire arrive? P,M,N? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lower paleolithic
pebble tools
homo habilis |
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Term
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Definition
oldowan tools
lower paleo
handyman |
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Term
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Definition
biface axes and scrapers
erectus, neanderthal, sapiens
lower paleo |
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Term
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Definition
peking (java) man
pleistocene - lower paleo
tools and FIRE |
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Term
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Definition
mousterian and levallois
neanderthal and sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
blade technology
pins, awls, needles, atlatl
venus figurines, cave paintings
transition from neanderthal to sapiens |
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Term
| 2 things necessary for agriculture |
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Definition
1) plant genetic change
2) change in human subsistence technology |
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Term
| Where did agriculture originate simultaneously? |
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Definition
| Middle east and mesoamerica |
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Term
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Definition
complex whole including knowledge, beliefs, arts,morals and customs ACQUIRED by members of society
LEARNED behavior patterns, not result of biology |
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Term
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Definition
| all behaviors of ONE culture |
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Term
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Definition
| ONE behavior in all cultures |
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Term
Cultural Variables (8)
KESCSPLR |
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Definition
Cultural Ecology
Subsistence technology
Legal System
Economics
Religion
Social structure
Kinship organization
Political System |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that your culture is right and best |
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Term
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Definition
cant judge culture based on BEHAVIOR
behaviors are relevant ONLY IN THAT culture |
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Term
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Definition
Each group has their own unique and particular past
cant judge culture based on DEVELOPMENT |
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Term
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Definition
| trauma from being placed into new culture |
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Term
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Definition
| ACTUAL behavior patterns of a group |
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Term
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Definition
| PERCEIVED behavior of a group |
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Term
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Definition
| controlling opinions that others have of us by changing our actions and dress |
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Term
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Definition
| area of behavior concealed by a group |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| outsider views of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| learning behaviors FROM BIRTH |
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Term
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Definition
| learning SECOND cultural behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
Religion
Age grading
Games
Labor division by sex and age
Cultural Variables |
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Term
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Definition
forced to exile, developed 3 rules for fieldwork:
1) live with people
2) learn their lang
3) participant observation |
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Term
| Advantages & Disadvantages of Participant Observation |
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Definition
Ad: see culture first hand
Dis: acceptance into culture, culture shock, ethnocentricity, language barrier, impression management, seasonality |
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Term
| Ethnographic Fieldwork Techniques (4) |
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Definition
Participant Observation
Interviews
Surveys
Collect material culture |
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Term
| 3 Factors that affect Human Life Cycle |
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Definition
Physical Environment - chernobyl
Pre and Post natal nutritional and care - vitamins and minerals
Cultural - nursing, marrying, birth giving, |
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Term
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Definition
extreme protein and carb deficiency
skin hangs loose on bones
hyper alert and very hungry
caused by CHRONIC MALNOURISHMENT |
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Term
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Definition
marked by edema
sudden deprivation of food |
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Term
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Definition
| ALL the environmental factors of ONE group |
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Term
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Definition
| study of how humans interact with environment |
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Term
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Definition
| study of BEHAVIOR PATTERNS that allow a group to adapt to environment |
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Term
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Definition
| living organisms per area |
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Term
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Definition
| no pop increase due to environmental limits |
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Term
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Definition
| groups in similar environments will encounter similar shit and become similar |
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Term
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Definition
levels of extracting energy
Farther from equator = longer food chain = more complex culture |
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Term
| Horticulture vs Agriculture |
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Definition
Horticulture = HOes, swidden and slash/burn
Agriculture = plows, peasants and mechanized ag. |
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Term
| 3 Types of Economic Systems |
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Definition
Primitive
Peasant
Industrial |
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Term
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Definition
hunt/gather
no specializing
rare surplus
no market or exports |
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Term
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Definition
peasant farmers
little specializing
surplus serves as taxes
market exchange system |
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Term
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Definition
mechanized farmers
highly specialized
surplus feeds other specialists
market exchange system |
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Term
| 3 Types of Exchange Systems |
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Definition
Reciprocity
Redistribution
Market Exchange |
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Term
| Reciprocity Exchange System |
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Definition
exchange of goods without repayment
egalitarian cultures
includes food, goods, mates |
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Term
| 3 Types of Reciprocity Exchange |
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Definition
Generalized-no expectation of return
Balanced- expectation of return
Negative- take advantage of others thru war, raiding, markets |
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Term
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Definition
exchange system of Pacific Islanders
ritual trading network that is far and extensive
shells! |
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Term
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Definition
collection of goods to a central authority which allocates the goods to society
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Term
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Definition
form of redistribution
circulates wealth and shows off wealth, shames guests |
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Term
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Definition
| buying and selling of goods through supply and demand |
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Term
Reciprocity tribe = ?
Redistribution tribe = ?
Market exchange tribe = ? |
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Definition
Reciprocity = Kula Ring
Redistribution = Kwakiutl potlatch
Market Exchange = Pratik Haitian Wholesalers b/w producers in mountains and buyers on coast |
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Term
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Definition
all cultures recognize family
all cultures organize family in some way
all cultures - enculturation takes place in family |
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Term
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Definition
-education and social enculturation
-legalizes sex and stops promiscuity
-creates parental roles
-combines wealth of individuals to increase property and goods |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Composite Conjugal Natal Family |
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Definition
| multiple spouses and offspring |
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Term
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Definition
single nuclear family and lineal relatives
eg) live with nuclear family and grandma/aunt |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple nuclear families and collateral and lineal relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| dad, grandpa, great grandpa |
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Term
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Definition
| dad's sister (blood related, but not one of my lineal relatives) |
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Term
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Definition
| group of a few extended families |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of a State Level Society |
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Definition
-large population and urbanism
-accumulation of surplus and taxes
-central gov
-public works and buildings
-writing
-craftsmen
-writing
-trade networks
-development of classes
-appearance of science |
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Term
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Definition
| married to 1 person at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| married to 1 person multiple times |
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Term
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Definition
multiple spouses at one time
affected by uneven sex ratios
affected by uneven distribution of resources (can you 'afford' more than one spouse) |
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Term
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Definition
PolyGYNY = one male multiple wives (poly=many, gyny = gynecology)
PolyANDRY = one female, multiple husbands (poly=many, andro = male)
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Term
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Definition
| one man marries sisters (83% of cultures) |
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Term
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Definition
one woman marries brothers
(1% of cultures) |
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Term
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Definition
nuclear family lives NEAR HUSBAND's family
-related to pastoralism
-69% of cultures |
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Term
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Definition
-nuclear family lives NEAR WIFE'S family
-related to horticultural societies
-14% of cultures |
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Term
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Definition
nuclear family lives near EITHER spouse's family
-related to H&G societies
-8% of cultures |
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Term
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Definition
nuclear family moves away and lives in new location
-related to agriculture (seen in U.S. typically)
-5% of cultures |
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Term
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Definition
nuclear family lives NEAR HUSBAND'S MOTHER's BROTHER
-related to horticulture
-4% of cultures
(you can kind of see the word UNCLE in here, just remember which uncle...the man's maternal uncle) |
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Term
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Definition
tracing your descent through your father's line of descent
-related to pastoralism |
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Term
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Definition
tracing your descent through your mother's line
-associated with horticulture |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-cousins of same sex siblings
-my dad's brother's kids
-my mom's sister's kids
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Term
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Definition
offspring of opposite sex siblings
-my dad's sister's kids
-my mom's brother's kids |
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Term
| Synchronic Cultural Perspective |
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Definition
| study a culture at a single time period |
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Term
| Diachronic Cultural Perspective |
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Definition
| study a culture over many time periods to see changes |
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Term
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Definition
inbetween stages of cultural stages of life
eg) time period that is between adolescence and adulthood |
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Term
| 4 Mechanisms of Cultural Change |
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Definition
1) Invention
2) Diffusion
3) Acculturation
4) Modernization |
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Term
| Invention (mechanism of cultural change) |
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Definition
| discovery of new tool or principle that becomes universally shared |
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Term
| Diffusion (mechanism of cultural change) |
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Definition
passive spread of new culture or learned behavior patterns
NOTE THAT: diffusion is like mcdonalds showing up in other cultures. it keeps its original meaning in U.S. and takes on a new meaning in the cultures to which it has spread |
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Term
| Acculturation (mechanism of cultural change) |
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Definition
change occurring from prolonged contact b/w two cultures
NOTE THAT: the changes that occur in acculturation result in the loss of the original culture. Like when we started beating up indians and taking their land. they were forced to speak english and lost their original culture in many ways |
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Term
| Modernization (mechanism of cultural change) |
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Definition
Change that occurs as cultures develop WESTERN ideas and characteristics.
-think of cultures who industrialize and mechanize |
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Term
| Revitalization Movements (resistance to cultural change) |
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Definition
-reaction to cultural change
-PASSIVE attempt to resist culture change by RENEWING (revitalizing) old culture patterns and traditions (Ghandi and "mother earthers") |
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Term
| Nativistic Movement (resistance to cultural change) |
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Definition
-cultural reaction to change
-ACTIVE attempt to resist culture change by elimination foreign culture
-Ghost Dance, Boxer Rebellion, Wounded Knee Massacre |
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Term
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Definition
form of nativistic, ACTIVE resistance to cultural change
-practiced by Paiute to end westernization of Native Americans
-dance foretells disappearance of whites and restoration
-dance for long periods of time
-spread rapidly to most Native Americans |
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Term
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Definition
nativistic, ACTIVE resistance to white people
-unlike ghost dance, Lakota believed only the clothing would protect from bullets (LOL, poor guys) |
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Term
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Definition
Nativistic, ACTIVE resistance to cultural change
-"boxers" in China who wanted to return to traditional ways of driving out foreigners |
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Term
| Millenarian Movements (resistance to cultural change) |
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Definition
| attempt to change culture by looking for a transformation of the world by supernatural power (Hitler, apocalypse) |
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Term
| 4 Types of Reaction to Cultural Change |
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Definition
Revitalization - passive
Nativistic - active
Millenarian - active
Cargo Cults - active
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Term
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Definition
active attempt to ACCEPT new culture, many times taken OUT OF CONTEXT (superstition)
-eg) pacific islander tribe who built airplane out of trees, after seeing WWII planes, wore western clothing, learned english words, and marched with wooden 'rifles'
-they also worshipped old army items |
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Term
| 2 Theories of Cultural Evolution |
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Definition
1) Unilineal Theory
2) Multilineal Theory |
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Term
| Unilineal Thoery of Cultural Evolution |
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Definition
-proposed by Morgan and Tyler
-if given enough time, all cultures pass through 3 stages
1) Savagery - lowest and most primitive (H&G)
2) Barbarian - middle stage (chiefdoms)
3) Civilization - most evolved stage (states) |
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Term
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Definition
-proposed by Steward
-based on historical particularism and local environment
-each culture evolves along different lines, depending on acculturation, differences in local environmental factors, and energy utilization |
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