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Biochemistry-Blood
Block 2
62
Medical
Graduate
12/10/2008

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
why study blood?
Definition
1. determine amounts of materials occuring naturally in the body; 2. identify and quantify substances that have been ingested or injected; 3. determine the presence of bacteria, viruses, parisites; 4. also blood smears to analyze blood cells or other organisms in there
Term
functions of blood
Definition
1. deliver gases, nutrients, metabolites, and hormones; 2. carrying wastes away from cells to excretory organs; 3. transporting products of the immune system; 4. participating in the regulation of body temperature; 5. maintain osmotic balance in the body
Term
plasma
Definition
composes 55% of blood; and is 90% water and 8% protein (albumin, fibronigen, globulins) and 2% electrolytes, gases, nutrients, waste products, and hormones
Term
formed elements of blood
Definition
aka cells; include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
Term
types of WBCs
Definition
1. granular (neutrophils, eosinphils, and basophils); 2. agranular (lymphocytes and monocytes)
Term
normal RBC counts
Definition
4.5 million/mm3 for women and 5 million/mm3 for men
Term
normal hematocrit
Definition
men-48%; women-42%
Term
RBC morphology
Definition
1. anucleate; 2. bicave disc; 3. contains hemoglobin; 4. non-motile
Term
chracteristic of RBC
Definition
soft and flexible and able to change shape when moving through capillaries
Term
function of RBC
Definition
transport and delivery of oxygen due to hemoglobin
Term
reticulocytes
Definition
immature RBC-seen in peripheral blood account 1% of circulating RBCs; increase due to higher than normal loss or destruction of RBCs; in H&E staining have darkly staining polyribosomes
Term
maintaining RBC bicave shape
Definition
done with interaction with integral membran proteins and cytoskeletal components (including protein 4.1, actin, spectrin dimer, and ankyrin)
Term
life span and degradation of RBC
Definition
lifespan is ~120 days; and senescent RBC are removed by macrophages in liver or spleen
Term
spherocytosis
Definition
where RBCs are spheres with lack of pale center arise from defects in protein and interactions of plasma membrane and cytoskeleton
Term
granulocyte characteristics
Definition
1. 15 microns in diameter; 2. have abundant cytoplasm with specific granules; 3. have reddish-purple azure granules
Term
characteristics of neutrophils
Definition
1. nucleus has 3-5 lobes connected to each other; 2. cytoplasm is pale pink and small specific granules that stain faintly; 3. ~10 hrs in cirulation and live 1-4 days in tissue; 4. only about 50% are in circulation; 5. many mature ones are produced and stored in bone marrow
Term
neutrophil function
Definition
first line of defense against bacteria by phagocytizing bacteria; actively ameboid migrating to sites of infection
Term
leukocyte exit of blood vessels (diapedesis)
Definition
1. histamine-induced vasodilation and stasis causes leukocytes to slow and accumulate at periphery of vessels; 2. adhere to endothelial cells; 3. extend pseudopodia and slip through cell junctions
Term
characteristics of eosinophils
Definition
1. 2-4% of circulating leukocytes; 2. bilobed nucleus (connected); 3. slightly acidophilic cytoplasm with granules that stain red w/ eosin; 3. specific granules contain major basic protein inactivating agents causing inflammation; 4. produced in bone marrow; 5. 6 hr lifespan in circulation
Term
eosinophil function
Definition
1. inactivate histamine and leukotienes; 2. contain MBP used to help kill parasites; 3. protect against severe tissue injury by endocytosing antigen-antibody complexes
Term
characteristics of basophils
Definition
1. represent less than 1% of circulating leukocytes; 2. elongated, s-shaped, or irregular lobed nucleus; 3. cytoplasm filled with basophilic granules stained darkly due to heparin
Term
functions of basophils
Definition
1. key role in allergic reactions releasing histamine causing vasoconstriction and vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
Term
lymphocyte morphology
Definition
occur is small, medium and large sizes; small lymphocytes is round w/ darkly staining nucleus surrounded by thin rim of light blue cytoplasm
Term
lymphocyte characteristics
Definition
produced in lymphatic tissues and bone marrow; ~20% are short lived (3-5 days) and ~80% are long-lived (100-200 days)
Term
lymphocyte function
Definition
formation of immunoglobins and cytotoxic responses; 1. B cells-derived from bone marrow and give rise to antibody producing cells; 2. T cells-derived from thymus and involved in cellular immunity; can reenter blood vessels
Term
monocyte morphology
Definition
have abundant gray-blue cytoplasm, eccentric nucleus and indented or folded with pale staining chromatin
Term
monocyte characteristics
Definition
1. produced in bone marrow; 2. circulate in blood for less than a day; 3. exit blood vessels and enter CT and mature into macrophages
Term
function of macrophage
Definition
removal of microbes, exogenous particles, and senescent cells
Term
role of macrophages in chronic inflammation
Definition
1. monocytes are chemotactically drawn to tissue along with lymphocytes; 2. here they augment local population of macrophages; 3. phagocytize large particles and take up soluble protein and EC fluid by pinocytosis
Term
leukocytosis
Definition
rise in number of circulating leukocytes due to infection; elevated eosinophils may occur in parasitic infections; elevated neutrophils in infections and inflammatory situations; monocyte increases in leukemias and autoimmune
Term
leukopenias
Definition
generally function of decreased neutrophils usually result from bone marrow failure
Term
platelet morphology
Definition
non-nucleated, disc-shaped lightly basophilic cell fragments and contain several types of granules
Term
platelet granules
Definition
1. alpha granules-contain clotting factors; 2. dense granules-contain calcium, ADP, ATP, and store serotonin
Term
megakaryocyte
Definition
give rise to platelets; reside in bone marrow, very large cells
Term
fat cells in bone marrow
Definition
fat cells appear in marrow about 4-6 years of age; and by 18-20 years of age about half is yellow fat cells and active marrow only found in certain bones
Term
constituents of bone marrow
Definition
mature and developing blood cells, fats cells, and blood vessels, and a CT stroma
Term
stroma
Definition
3-D meshwork of reticular cells, reticular fibers, and matrix components that support developing cells; form cords that fill spaces between blood vessels
Term
blood supply of bone marrow
Definition
originates from nutrient arteries of bone which form sinusoids in marrow spaces
Term
bone marrow sinusoids
Definition
lined by continuous endothelium that rests on incomplete basal lamina; behind basal lamina discontinuous layer of reticular fibers and cells which is barrier blood cells must go through
Term
pluripotent stem cell
Definition
self-renewing pool of undifferentiated puripotent cells; few number in bone marrow and small mononuclear cells; give rise to all blood cells
Term
myeloid stem cells
Definition
arise from pluripotent cells give rise to committed progenitor cell lines (erythroid, granuloctic-moncytic, and megakaryocytic)
Term
lymphoid stem cells
Definition
differentiate into two committed progenitor cell lines (B-cells and T-cells)
Term
cell site development
Definition
1. RBC and megakaryocytes develop near sinusoids for easy release of nonmotile products and motile granulocytes develop at a distance; 2. migration controlled by releasing factors, first have to gain access to lumen by passing between the reticular fibers
Term
proerythroblast
Definition
earliest recognizable RBC precursor; originates from unipotential stem cell sensitive to EPO
Term
proerythroblast morphology
Definition
about 20-25 microns; has thin rim lightly basophilic cytoplasm; basophilia increases as it matures; large, round nucleus w/ slightly clumped chromatin and 1-2 nucleoli
Term
nucleus in proerythroblast
Definition
active nucleus reflects production of mRNA for globin synthesis; and increase in basophilia over time due to increased numbers of polyribosomes in cytoplasm involved in globin synthesis
Term
basophilic erythroblast
Definition
daughter cell formed after proerythroblast divides; has a very dark blue cytoplasm, more clumped chromatin, and lack of obvious nuclei
Term
polychromatophilic erythroblast
Definition
formed from division of basophilic erythroblast; smaller and has blue/pink to gray cytoplasm due to accumulation of hemoglobin and decrease in number of polyribosomes; small nucleus w/ dark clumps of chromatin (checkerboard nucleus)
Term
orthochromatic erythroblast
Definition
develop from transformation of from polychromatic stage; even smaller and pink-staining cytoplasm and small, very pyknotic nucleus (may be fragmented)
Term
reticulocyte
Definition
anucleate, red, equal in number to other precursors; stored for 2-4 days in the bone marrow and then release to circulation w/ another day to fully mature to RBC
Term
erythropoietin
Definition
hormone that regulates RBC production; is made in response to lowered levels of oxygen, anemia, etc.; produced in the kidney
Term
granulopoiesis
Definition
cells characterized by appearance of specific granules in cytoplasm and changes in morphology of their nuclei; the azure granules (lysosomes) are first to appear followed by specific granules
Term
myeloblast
Definition
originates from the unipotential stem cell; similar to erythroblast in size and morphology; light blue cytoplasm, pale nucleus with nucleoli
Term
promyelocyte
Definition
arise from division of myeloblast; large and has light blue cytoplasm with azure granules; round nucleus with delicate chromatin pattern
Term
myelocyte
Definition
derived from promyelocyte by division and maturation and specific granules appear in associated with RER and azure granule formation ceases; nuclei of myelocytes are round w/ clumped chromatin and no nucleoli
Term
neutrophil myelocyte
Definition
cytoplasm becomes lightly pink as neutrophilic granules appear
Term
metamyelocyte
Definition
derived from myelocytes; cytoplasm contains many specific granules and nucleus becomes indented or horse-shoe shaped-incapable of dividing
Term
development of agranulocytes
Definition
difficult to study progression of stages in development of monocytes and lymphocytes; monocytes arise from same progenitor cell as neutrophils
Term
megakaryocyte development
Definition
characterized by serial mitotic devisions without cell devision (endo-reduplication) resulting in tightly packed, multi-lobulated nucleus; cytoplasm undergoes maturation by increase in the number of dense core granules and network of membrane channels and tubules (demarcation membrane system); capable of shedding platelets into sinusoids of bone marrow
Term
demarcation membranes
Definition
channels form as the plasma membrane invaginates; small islands are delinated and these islands coalesce forming future platelets
Term
thrombopoietin
Definition
facilitates the production and maturation of megakaryocytes
Term
cytokines
Definition
aka colony stimulating factors-glycoproteins that stimulate proliferation and differentiation of blood cell precursors
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