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BIOA01 MODULE 1 Lec 12
Lecture 12 Module 1 Cellular respiration II
34
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/30/2013

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Cards

Term

Cellular respiration has three stages List them

 

 

Definition

Glycolysis

Pyruvate oxidation and Citric Cycle

Oxygen phosphorylation

Term
Pyruvate into Glycolysis is a key "_______" in ______.
Definition
Decision point, Catabolism
Term
What does Aerobic Cellular respiration do?
Definition

Permits the complete oxidation of Glucose to energy trapped in ATP.

 

Term
What are the two stages that are only aerobic (not anaerobic)
Definition

Pyruvate oxidation and the citric cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Term

In the Mitrochondria, there is the Matrix and Inner membrane.

 

What do they do? (What happens inside them?)

 

Definition

The matrix has reactions take place that remove electrons. (Pyruvate oxidation, Citric Cycle)

 

The inner membrane has the electron transfer as well as ATP synthesis by ATP.

 

 

Look at a diagram of the mitochondria, and memorize it!

Term

What is the product of glycolysis?

 

Does that still contain usable energy?

Definition

The product of glycolysis is pyruvate.

 

Yes, it still contains useable energy.

Term

Does pyruvate oxidation only occur in aerobic pathways?

 

Where does pyruvate oxidation happen in prokaryotes?

Where does pyruvate oxidation happen in eukaryotes?

Definition

Yes it only occurs in aerobic pathways

 

In prokaryotes it happens in the plasma membrane

In eukaryotes it happens in the mitochondrial matrix

Term
What enzyme(s) catalyze pyruvate oxidation?
Definition
The enzymes that catalyze pyruvate oxidation is called the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
Term

List what happens in Pyruvate (STEPS)

 

Definition

1) Pyruvate is oxidized to acetate and converted to acetyl group

-> Releases 1 C02 per pyruvate and energy

 

2) Energy is captured when NAD^+ is reduced to NADH + H^+

 

3) Remaining energy is captured when acetyl group combines with CoA yielding acetyl-CoA

Term
Know the reactants and products of pyruvate oxidation -> pg 11
Definition
pg 11
Term

What does the citric cycle do?

 

Does the citric cycle only occur in the aerobic pathway?

 

Where does this occur in prokaryotes?

Where does this occur in eukaryotes?

Definition

The citric cycle completes the oxidation of pyruvate to C02.

 

Yes, the citric cycle only occurs in the aerobic pathways.

 

In prokaryotes this happens in the cytoplasm

In eukaryotes this happens in the mitochondrial matrix

 

 

Term

How many steps is the citric cycle?

 

What does the first step do?

 

What do the OTHER steps do?

 

Do each step use the same enzyme?

 

What is produced? What do they do?

Definition

The citric cycle is 8 steps.

 

The first step : Acetyl group of Acetyl CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetate forming citrate.

 

The next seven steps : Decompose citrate back to oxaloacetate (cyclic) with the release of 2 C02

 

NADH and FADH2 are produced which relay electrons to the ETC.

Term
Know the krebs cycle products and reactants page 13
Definition
page 13
Term

Before Oxidative phosphorylation : What accounts for most the energy so far?

 

What do they do?

Definition

NADH and FADH2

 

They carry electrons to the ETC

Term

What does the ETC create?

 

What does this result in?

Definition

ETC creates a proton motive force.

 

This results in ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.

Term
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Definition

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in mitochondrial inner membrane (in eukaryotes) and plasma membrane (in prokaryotes)

 

 

Term
What molecule are the electrons from NADH and FADH2 passed on to?
Definition
02
Term

Look at the products and reactants of oxidative phosphorylation

 

pg 24

 

Definition
pg 24
Term
know the process of ETC. Pg 25, khan academy if have to
Definition
pg 25
Term

How much ATP does NADH generate?

How much ATP does FADH2 generate?

Definition

NADH generates 3 ATP

FADH2 generates 2 ATP

Term

What protein are in the ETC?

 

page 26 for diagram

Definition

3 Large protein complexes (Complex 1,3,4)

 

1 peripheral protein (Complex 2)

 

Two mobile carriers, Cyt C and Q

 

page 26 for diagram

Term
How does the ETC form H20?
Definition
Excess electrons, as well as the protons in the matrix (pumped by ATPase) combine with 02 to make H20.
Term
What three things are happening during oxidative phosphorylation?
Definition

1) ETC, electrons being passed around by proteins

2) Active transport of H+ OUT of matrix (Against concentration gradient). Complex 1,4 and UQ do this.

 

This creates a proton motive force, an electrochemical gradient which is a form of potential energy

 

3) Facilitated diffusion through proton channel by ATPase back into the matrix. This creates energy to make ATP.

Term
What is ATP synthase? How does it work?
Definition

ATP synthase is the smallest known molecular rotary motor.

 

When electrons go down the ATPase, the protons cause a rotation, which catalyzes the formation of ATP.

 

(Google headpiece atp)

Term

We know that ETC and Chemiosmosis work together, but can they be uncoupled?

 

Why do some organisms uncouple the two reactions?

Definition

Yes they can be uncoupled.

 

Some organisms uncouple the two reactions to regulate body temperature. (I.e Hibernating animals.)

Term
In cellular respiration, products of reactions become products of ___________
Definition
next reactions
Term
Why does Cellular respiration yield more energy than Fermentation?
Definition

Final product of partial oxidation of glucose still contain more energy to be used (lots of unused energy). Therefore only a little bit of ATP is produced.Less reactions to milk energy from.

 

Final product of full oxidation convert all energy from many reactions to ATP, leaving very little energy left that is unused.

Term
Page 32 - Fat, Carb, Protein pathway
Definition
Page 32
Term
How are Metabolic Pathways regulated?
Definition

Rates of Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle can be regulated

 

Reactions are increased or decreased by actions of :

1)ATP

2)ADP

3)NAD+

4) NADH+ + H^+

 

On allosteric enzymes = Allosteric control

Term

Where is the control point in glycolysis? (Which reaction)

 

What enzyme is involved in regulating this?

 

What is the enzyme inhibited by?

 

What is the enzyme activated by?

Definition

The control point in glycolysis is in reaction 3

 

The enzyme involved in regulating this is phosphofruktokinase

 

Enzyme inhibited by ATP

 

Enzyme activated by ADP

Term

What are the control points in the citric acid cycle? (Which reaction step)

 

What enzyme regulates the citric acid cycle?

 

What inhibits this enzyme?

 

What activates this enzyme?

Definition

Reaction 3

 

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

 

ATP and NADH + H+ inhibits this enzyme

 

NAD+ and ADP activate this enzyme

 

Term
Do different organisms handle oxygen differently?
Definition
Yes
Term

What are strict aerobes?

 

What are facultative anaerobes?

 

What are obligate/strict anaerobes?

Definition

Strict aerobes absolutely need 02

Their huge energy demands are not met by fermentation and glycolysis alone.

(Most eukaryotes, bacteria, many archaea

 

Facultative anaerobes can switch between fermentative and full oxidative pathways (Ecoli, Lactobacillus)

 

Obligate/strict anaerobes die if they come in contact with 02.

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