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Bio
Circulatory Systems
128
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/17/2013

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Term
Living cells need to...
Definition
Exchange nutrients, wastes and gases with their environments.
Term
When do circulatory systems provide transport?
Definition
- When diffusion is not sufficient.
- When organisms are greater than a few cells wide.
Term
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
Definition
- Transport
- Aid immune system
- Temperature regulation
- Hormone distribution
Term
How do organisms with gastrovascular cavities perform circulation?
Definition
Cellular exchange through diffusion.
Term
What are the taxa with gastrovascular cavities?
Definition
Cnidarians and Platyhelminthes.
Term
Hemolymph
Definition
Blood + interstitial fluid.
Term
How do organisms with open circulatory systems perform circulation?
Definition
- Hemolymph is pumped through open-ended vessels and flow among cells.
- Circulation is aided by muscle contractions.
Term
How does fluid return to the heart in open circulatory systems?
Definition
Through pores.
Term
Do open circulatory systems have backflow due to how fluid returns to the heart through pores?
Definition
No - valves prevent backflow.
Term
_________________________ have _________________ that prevent ______________.
Definition
Open circulatory systems have valves that prevent backflow.
Term
What are the taxa that have open circulatory systems?
Definition
Most molluscs and all arthropods.
Term
What is special about the taxa of open circulatory systems?
Definition
Insect air exchange is not aided by blood.
Term
Insect air exchange is not aided by blood is important to note of what kind of circulatory system?
Definition
Open circulatory system.
Term
What taxa have closed circulatory systems?
Definition
Cephalopoda, Annelids and Vertebrates.
Term
What are/is an example of cephalopoda?
Definition
Squids, Octopus.
Term
What is/are an example of annelida?
Definition
Earthworms.
Term
With is/are an exmaple of vertebrates?
Definition
Humans.
Term
How is circulation performed in closed circulatory systems?
Definition
Blood remains in vessels and interstitial fluid surrounds cells.
Term
Arteries.
Definition
Away from the heart.
Term
Aeterioles
Definition
Small arteries.
Term
Away from the heart.
Definition
Arteries.
Term
Small arteries.
Definition
Aeterioles.
Term
Location of capillaries
Definition
Between arteries and veins.
Term
Between arteries and veins
Definition
Capillaries.
Term
Venules
Definition
Small veins
Term
Small veins
Definition
Venules
Term
Veins
Definition
Toward heart.
Term
Toward heart
Definition
Veins.
Term
Atrium
Definition
Receives blood from veins.
Term
Receives blood from veins
Definition
Atrium
Term
Ventricle
Definition
Pumps blood to arteries.
Term
Pumps blood to arteries
Definition
Ventricle.
Term
Single circulation
Definition
Blood pumped through body once.
Term
Blood pumped through body once.
Definition
Single circulation
Term
What is the order of organs in single circulation?
Definition
Heart --> Gills --> Body --> Heart
Term
What are the 2-chambered, Single circulation organisms?
Definition
Fish, sharks, rays.
Term
Fish sharks and rays are classified as what in terms of circulation?
Definition
2-chambered, single circulation organisms.
Term
What are the chambers of fish, sharks and rays?
Definition
1 atrium and 1 ventricle.
Term
Double circulation
Definition
Blood pumped twice through body.
Term
Blood pumped twice through body
Definition
Double circulation.
Term
What are the two "pumping" of double circulation?
Definition
- Once to Pulmonary circuit
- Once to Systemic Circuit.
Term
Pulmonary Circuit
Definition
Respiratory surface.
Term
Respiratory surface.
Definition
Pulmonary Circuit
Term
Systemic Circuit
Definition
Rest of body besides the respiratory surface.
Term
Rest of body besides the respiratory surface.
Definition
Systemic surface.
Term
In Amphibians, the _____________________ is known as the ____________________.
Definition
In Amphibians, the Pulmonary circuit is known as the Pulmoctaneous circuit.
Term
The Pulmoctaneous circuit applies to...
Definition
Amphibians.
Term
How may amphibians and most non-bird reptiles be classified in terms of circulatory system?
Definition
3-chambered, double circulation.
Term
3-chambered, double circulation refers to what?
Definition
Amphibians and most non-bird reptiles.
Term
Two chambered, single circulation refers to what?
Definition
Fish, sharks and rays.
Term
When there is only one ventricle...
Definition
there is mixing of high and low O2
Term
There is mixing of high and low O2 when...
Definition
there is only one ventricle.
Term
Although amphibians and most non-bird reptiles are 3-chambered...
Definition
Crocodilians are four chambered.
Term
The organisms that only have one ventricle are the _______________________. By consequence...
Definition
The organisms that only have one ventricle are Amphibians and non-bird reptiles. By consequence, there is mixing of high and low O2.
Term
Amphibians are most non-bird reptiles are unique in that...
Definition
they only have one ventricle, so there is mixing of low and high O2.
Term
How may birds and mammals be classified in terms of circulation?
Definition
4-chambered, double circulation.
Term
4-chambered, double circulation organisms are the following:
Definition
birds, mammals and crocodilians.
Term
What are the chambers of amphibians and non-bird reptiles?
Definition
2 atria, 1 ventricle.
Term
What are the chambers of birds and mammals?
Definition
2 atria, 2 ventricle.
Term
2 atria, 2 ventricle belong to...
Definition
birds and mammals
Term
2 atria, 1 ventricle belongs to...
Definition
Amphibians and non-bird reptiles.
Term
1 atria, 1 ventricle belong to...
Definition
Fish, sharks and rays.
Term
The organisms have separated blood?
Definition
Birds and mammals.
Term
What circulatory system type has separated blood?
Definition
4 chambered, double circulation.
Term
Human cardiac cycle lasts how long?
Definition
~0.8 seconds.
Term
What are the phases of the human cardiac cycle?
Definition
Systole and Diastole.
Term
Systole
Definition
Chamber pumps
Term
Chamber pumps
Definition
Systole
Term
Chamber relaxed
Definition
Diastole.
Term
Diastole
Definition
Chambered relaxed.
Term
Atrioventricular (AV) Vales do what?
Definition
Valves prevent backflow from ventricle to atria.
Term
Valves prevent backflow fro ventricle to atria?
Definition
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
Term
Semilunar Valves
Definition
Prevent backflow into ventricles
Term
Prevent backflow into ventricles.
Definition
Semilunar valves
Term
Pacemaker is also known as...
Definition
SA (Sinoatrial) node
Term
SA (Sinoatrial) node is also known as...
Definition
Pacemaker.
Term
The two types of valves of the human circulatory system are...
Definition
Atrioventricular and Semilunar valves.
Term
Pacemaker/SA (Sinoatrial) nodes do what?
Definition
Maintains heart pumping rhythm by generating electrical signals like nerve cells.
Term
Where is the Pacemaker/SA (Sinotrial) node located?
Definition
Located in right wall of atrium.
Term
What allows the pacemaker/SA (Sinoatrial) node's signals to work?
Definition
Gap junctions between cells that enable signals to spread quickly and pump and unison
Term
Where is the AV (atrioventricular) node located?
Definition
In wall between right atrium and right ventricle.
Term
Why is the AV (atrioventricular) node located in the wall between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Definition
To serve as a relay point for the signal
Term
The AV (atrioventricular) node serves as a relay point for the signal from the pacemaker. What does this do?
Definition
Delays signal ~.1 seconds to ensure that the atria empties before ventricles contract
Term
What is in the wall between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
Definition
The AV (atrioventricular) node.
Term
What serves as a relay point for the signal of the pacemakers?
Definition
The AV (atrioventricular) node.
Term
______________________ relays a signal from ______________ to the ______________________ and _______________________.
Definition
Cardiac muscle fibers relays signals from AV node to the apex of heart and up through the ventricles
Term
Apex
Definition
Base
Term
Base
Definition
Apex
Term
What is the wall of the capillaries like?
Definition
Wall is a single layer of epithelial cells.
Term
Wall is a single layer of epithelial cells is true of...
Definition
Capillaries
Term
How do capillaries perform exchange?
Definition
Diffusion with interstitial fluid?
Term
Diffusion with interstitial fluid is the exchange method of what?
Definition
Capillaries.
Term
Elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle described the composition of what?
Definition
Veins and arteries.
Term
Veins and arteries are composed of what?
Definition
Elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle.
Term
Veins and arteries have smooth muscle. What is the function of this smooth muscle?
Definition
- Helps regulate blood flow
- Nerves/hormones control dialation/constriction.
Term
Helping to regulate blood flow and nerve/hormone controlling dialation/constriction is the function of what?
Definition
The smooth muscle in veins and arteries.
Term
__________ are thicker than ______________
Definition
Arteries are thicker than veins.
Term
Which is thicker: veins or arteries?
Definition
Arteries.
Term
___________ have valves to prevent backflow.
Definition
Veins have valves to prevent backflow.
Term
Blood pressure
Definition
Force exerted to pump blood.
Term
Force exerted to pump blood.
Definition
Blood pressure.
Term
Pulse
Definition
Rhythmic stretching of arteries as ventricles pump.
Term
Rhythmic stretching of arteries as ventricles pump.
Definition
Pulse
Term
Systolic pressure
Definition
Pressure with ventricle contraction
Term
Pressure with ventricle contraction
Definition
Systolic pressure.
Term
Diastolic pressure
Definition
Elastic contraction of arteries after ventricle pumping
Term
Elastic contraction of arteries after ventricle pumping.
Definition
Diastolic pressure.
Term
What is the function of diastolic pressure?
Definition
Maintains pressure and flow.
Term
What maintains pressure and flow?
Definition
Diastolic pressure.
Term
Capillary exchange
Definition
Gases, small, non-polar molecules diffuse.
Term
Gases, small, non-polar particles diffuse.
Definition
Capillary exchange
Term
Which molecules can easily pass though in capillary diffusion?
Definition
Gases, small, non-polar molecules.
Term
Which molecules can pass through with more difficulty in capillary diffusion and how?
Definition
- Larger molecules pass through endocytosis and exocytosis.
- Water, sugar and salt leak through small pores in capillary walls.
Term
Blood pressure results in...
Definition
Net loss of blood from capillaries.
Term
Net loss of blood from capillaries results from...
Definition
blood pressure.
Term
What is the composition of blood?
Definition
~55% plasma, ~45% red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Term
What is plasma composed of?
Definition
Water and materials
Term
Red blood cells contain what?
Definition
O2
Term
White blood cells are a part of what?
Definition
The immune system.
Term
What is the function of platelets?
Definition
Clotting.
Term
Clotting is the function of...
Definition
platelets.
Term
The immune system includes
Definition
White blood cells
Term
O2 is contained within...
Definition
red blood cells.
Term
Water and materials is the composition of...
Definition
Plasma
Term
What does the lymphatic system do?
Definition
Returns fluid to circulatory system
Term
Fluid is returned to the circulatory system by...
Definition
the lymphatic system
Term
Blood is to circulatory system what _________ is to the lymphatic system
Definition
Lymph
Term
Lymph is different from blood in what way?
Definition
Has interstitial fluid, but less O2 and fewer nutrients.
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