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Bio
Animal Form and Function
130
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/01/2013

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Cards

Term
What is form and function based on?
Definition
Genetic variation "tested" by environmental conditions in the form of trial and error testing.
Term
What does genetic variation "tested" by environment conditions include?
Definition
Physical laws, rates of diffusion, heat exchange, etc
Term
Rate of _________________ is _________________ to ___________________________.
Definition
Rate of exchange is proportional to surface area of the cell.
Term
Amount needed to ______________________ is ____________________ to _________________________.
Definition
Amount needed to exchange is proportional to cell volume.
Term
When do organisms have simple methods of exchange?
Definition
When they are single-celled or have simply body plans
Term
When organisms are single-celled or have simple body plans, they also have...
Definition
simple methods of exchange.
Term
What is true of the cells of more complex organisms and their exchanges with the environment?
Definition
The cells of more complex organisms each require sufficient rates of exchange and contact with the environment.
Term
What does the exchange of more complex organisms allow for?
Definition
Maintaining internal homeostasis in more variable environments.
Term
Closed circulatory system
Definition
Blood remains in vessels
Term
Blood remains in vessels
Definition
Closed circulatory system
Term
Interstitial fluid
Definition
Fluid surrounding cells
Term
Fluid surrounding cells
Definition
Interstitial fluid
Term
What are the two additional components found in a closed circulatory system?
Definition
Interstitial fluid and gases, nutrients and wastes are diffused or pumped between cells and fluids and between fluid types.
Term
What are exchanges between in a closed circulatory system?
Definition
- Cells and fluids
- Between fluid types
Term
What ratio is better for higher exchange rates?
Definition
High surface area to low total volume ratio.
Term
What is the formula for surface area?
Definition
(height x width of each surface) x the number of those surfaces with those dimensions
Term
What is the formula for total volume?
Definition
(height x width x length) x the number of those units with those dimensions.
Term
What is the formula for surface-to-volume ratio?
Definition
Surface area/volume
Term
What is the mnemonic to remember the the order of increasingly complexity in the formation of living things?
Definition
AMOCTOOO
Term
What is the order of increasingly complex things that form living things
Definition
Atoms - Molecules - Organelles - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism
Term
Neurons
Definition
Transmit signals
Term
What transmits signals?
Definition
Neurons
Term
Glia
Definition
Support cells that nourish, insulate and replenish neurons
Term
Support cells that nourish, insulate and replenish neurons
Definition
Glia cells
Term
What are the main functions of the digestive system?
Definition
Food processing
Term
What are the main functions of the circulatory system?
Definition
Internal distribution of materials
Term
What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
Definition
gas exchange
Term
What are the main functions of the immune and lymphatic system?
Definition
Body defense
Term
What are the main functions of the excretory system?
Definition
Disposal of metabolic wastes and regulation of osmotic balance of blood
Term
What are the main functions of the Endocrine system?
Definition
Coordination of body activities
Term
What are the main functions of the Reproductive system?
Definition
Reproduction
Term
What are the main functions of the nervous system?
Definition
Coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them
Term
What are the main functions of the Integumentary system?
Definition
Protection against mechanical injury, infection and dehydration; thermoregulation
Term
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
Definition
Body support, protection of internal organs, movement.
Term
What are the main functions of the muscular system?
Definition
Locomotion and other movement
Term
Which systems are for coordination and control?
Definition
Endocrine system and nervous system
Term
What are the four features of the Endocrine system?
Definition
- Slower response, but longer duration
- Signal (hormone) through blood
- Cells with proper hormone receptors respond
- Growth, development, reproduction, metabolism
Term
What are the four features of the nervous system?
Definition
- Faster response but shorter duration
- Signal (nerve impulse) through nerve
- Cells directly associated with nerve cell respond
- Rapid response to environment
Term
What is the mnemonic for the features of the Endocrine system?
Definition
Sing songs, carry gongs
Term
What is the mnemonic for the features of the Nervous system?
Definition
Feign sickness, carry riches
Term
What are the feedback mechanisms that help maintain homeostasis?
Definition
Negative Feedback and Positive Feedback
Term
negative feedback and positive feedback are...
Definition
the feedback mechanisms that help maintain homeostasis
Term
Negative feedback
Definition
Response that reduces the stimulus
Term
Response that reduces the stimulus
Definition
Negative feedback
Term
Response that amplifies the stimulus
Definition
Positive feedback
Term
Positive feedback
Definition
Response that amplifies the stimulus
Term
Which kind of feedback is the more typical kind of feedback?
Definition
Negative feedback
Term
What are two example of a stimulus and response in negative feedback?
Definition
- Increased temperature leads to sweating
- Low blood sugar leads to hunger
Term
What is an example of a stimulus and response in positive feedback?
Definition
Pressure during childbirth leads to contractions
Term
Circadian rhythms
Definition
Physiological changes cycling roughly every 24 hours
Term
Physiological changes cycling roughly every 24 hours
Definition
Circadian rhythms
Term
True or false: circadian rhythms occur only in plants.
Definition
False: circadian rhythms occur in both plants and animals
Term
In what kind of organisms do circadian rhythms occur?
Definition
Plants and animals
Term
Thermoregulation
Definition
Maintenance internal body temperature
Term
Maintenance of internal body temperature
Definition
Thermoregulation
Term
Optimal temperature varies from _____________ to _______________
Definition
Optimal temperature varies from species to species
Term
______________ _______________________ varies from species to species
Definition
Optimal temperature varies from species to species
Term
True or false: all species have the same optimal temperature
Definition
False: optimal temperature varies from species to species
Term
What does temperature effect?
Definition
Diffusion rates, membrane fluidity, enzyme activity
Term
What are two drastic changes that can happen due to a change in temperature?
Definition
- Warming or cooling by 10*C can increase or decrease enzyme activity by a factor of 2
- Temperatures that are too warm can denature enzymes and make them non-functional
Term
Warming or cooling body temperature by _________ can increase or decrease enzyme activity by a factor of _____
Definition
Warming or cooling body temperature by 10*C can increase or decrease enzyme activity by a factor of 2
Term
What are the classifications for how organisms heat their bodies?
Definition
Endothermic and ectothermic
Term
Endothermic
Definition
Heat primarily through metabolism
Term
Heat primarily through metabolism
Definition
Endothermic
Term
Ectothermic
Definition
Heat primarily gained from environment
Term
Heat primarily gained from environment
Definition
Ectothermic
Term
What are examples of organisms that are endothermic?
Definition
Mammals, birds, some non-avian reptiles, some fish, many insects
Term
What are examples of organisms that are ectothermic?
Definition
Amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, many fish, most invertebrates
Term
Endothermic and ectothermic heat effect...
Definition
the food requirements and activity levels of organisms
Term
What are the food requirements and activity level of ectotherms as a consequence of being ecothermic?
Definition
Ectotherms need less food, but they also have a lower activity level
Term
What are the food requirements and activity level of endotherms as a consequence of being endothermic?
Definition
Endotherms have higher activity levels, but they also require more food
Term
Homeotherm
Definition
Organism that has relatively constant body temperature
Term
Poikilotherm
Definition
Organism whose body temperature varies with the environment
Term
What are the classifications for an organism's body temperature
Definition
Homemotherm and Poikilotherm
Term
Organism whose body temperature varies with the environment
Definition
Poikilotherm
Term
Organism whose body tempeature is relatively constant
Definition
Homemotherm
Term
How does homeotherm and poikilotherm relate to ectotherm and endotherm?
Definition
An ectotherm can be a homeotherm and a poikilotherm, but an endotherm can only be a homeotherm.
Term
Heat moves from _____________________ to ____________________
Definition
Heat moves from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature
Term
What are the ways through which heat moves from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature
Definition
- Convection
- Radiation
- Evaporation
- Conduction
Term
What is the mnemonic for the ways through which heat moves from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature
Definition
Crafting radical exam conditioning
Term
Radiation
Definition
Electromagnetic waves
Term
Electromagnetic waves
Definition
Radiation
Term
Evaporation
Definition
cooling from liquid to gas
Term
cooling from liquid to gas
Definition
Evaporation
Term
Convection
Definition
Transfer from air or liquid pass a surface
Term
Transfer from air or liquid passing a surface
Definition
Convection
Term
Conduction
Definition
Direct transfer between touching objects
Term
Direct transfer between touching objects
Definition
Conduction
Term
What serves as insulation for animals?
Definition
Skin, fat, hair, feathers
Term
What are three features of the circulatory system?
Definition
- Vasodilation
- Vasoconstriction
- Countercurrent exchange
Term
What is the mnemonic for the three features of the circulatory system?
Definition
Very very cunning
Term
Vasodilation
Definition
Blood vessel expansion
Term
What does vasodilation do for heat exchange?
Definition
Increases heat exchange with environment
Term
Blood vessel expansion
Definition
Vasodilation
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition
Blood vessel shrinkage
Term
Blood vessel shrinkage
Definition
Vasoconstriction
Term
What does vasoconstriction do for heat exchange?
Definition
Decreases heat exchange with environment
Term
Concurrent exchange
Definition
Transfer heat between blood flowing in opposite directions
Term
Transfer heat between blood flowing in opposite direction
Definition
Concurrent exchange
Term
What does countercurrent exchange do for the heat exchange?
Definition
Reduces heat exchange with environment, maintaining core body temperature
Term
What do animals do to benefit from evaporation as a thermoregulatory technique?
Definition
Sweating and panting in birds and mammals
Term
What are the the things used for thermoregulation by animals?
Definition
- Insulation
- Circulatory system
- Evaporation
- Thermogenesis
Term
What is the mnemonic for the things used for thermoregulation by animals?
Definition
If tea could evaporate...
Term
Thermogenesis
Definition
Metabolic heat production
Term
Metabolic heat production
Definition
Thermogenesis
Term
What are the types of thermogenesis?
Definition
Muscle activity, shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis
Term
Nonshivering thermogenesis
Definition
Mitochondira generates more heat and less ATP by bypassing ATP synthase
Term
Where does nonshiveing thermogenesis occur?
Definition
Primarily in brown fat
Term
Brown fat is found in abundance in...
Definition
Infants and hibernating animals
Term
Infants and hibernating animals have an abundance of...
Definition
brown fat
Term
Brown fat usually has what process?
Definition
Nonshivering thermogenesis
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Part of the brain that controls negative thermogenetic feedback
Term
Part of the brain that controls negative thermogenetic feedback
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What are the letters for Basal Metabolic Rate
Definition
BMR
Term
BMR
Definition
Basal Metabolic rate
Term
Basal Metabolic Rate
Definition
Energy use by a resting adult with an empty stomach, not experiencing stress and at a comfortable temperature
Term
Energy use by a resting adult with an empty stomach, not experiencing stress and at a comfortable temperature
Definition
Basal Metabolic Rate
Term
What factors of a person is Basal Metabolic Rate influenced by?
Definition
Size, age, gender
Term
What is a more extreme response to stress?
Definition
Torpor
Term
Hibernation and Estivation are both types of...
Definition
Torpor
Term
Torpor
Definition
Short term slowing of metabolism in response to extreme heat, cold or inadequate food
Term
Short term slowing of metabolism in response to extreme heat, cold or inadequate food
Definition
Torpor
Term
What kind of animals usually go through Torpor?
Definition
Generally smaller animals
Term
What is an example of an animal experiencing Torpor?
Definition
A Hummingbird drops their night-time temperature to 25* C (45* F)
Term
Hibernation
Definition
Long term torpor from cold and/or reduced food
Term
Long term torpor from cold and/or reduced food
Definition
Hibernation
Term
Estivation
Definition
Torpor in response to hot, dry conditions
Term
Torpor in response to hot/dry conditions
Definition
Estivation
Term
To what temperature can the body nearly drop in hibernation?
Definition
0* C (32* F)
Term
The body can nearly drop to 0* C (32*F) in what?
Definition
hibernation
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