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bio26 exam 3
exam 3
107
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/04/2010

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Term
element of chance
Definition
contingency
Term
What did Wallace and Darwin's travels tell them about geographic distributions?
Definition
geographic distributions are the product of history
Term
Wallace and his line (strait of Lombock)
Definition
he established the idea of natural selection... the Strait of Lombock separates 2 of the great zoological regions of the globe (suggests that maybe a creator wasn't involved; both side of Lombock had different histories)
Term
First phenomenon that helped convince Darwin that history mush have played a role in generating biogeographic distrubtions: Species on islands resemble species on nearby mainland.
Definition
This is due to shared ancestry b/w island and mainland species. This distribution does not support creationism, which expects a random spatial distribution of relationship among species.
Term
Second phenomenon convince Darwin that history had to do with biogeographic distributions: Islands have a disproportionate # of endemic species
Definition
Explanation: Islands are isolated by water, thereby preventing gene flow back to the mainland, and islands have unique environments which encouraged adaptations and divergence. These 2 factors have led to increased speciation rates on islands, and b/c of the water barrier, these species have not been able to greatly expand their ranges.
Term
Phenomenon: Islands have disproportionately less species than the mainland.
Definition
Explanation: If species are the result of creation, then the expectation is for equal # of species in equal areas. INstead, islands are less species rich than mainlands. This is the result of dispersal limitation. Dispersal of a species to an island is a chance event. The further from the mainland, the less likely is colonization.
Term
Biogeographic Evidence for Evolution: Geographic distributions are the product of history
Definition

1. Different ares of the world with very similar climates have very different organisms.

2. Inhabitants of one part of the world are emore similar to other organisms in the same area than to organisms located elsewhere.

3.Oceanic Islands show the most specific biogeographic evidence for the role of history.

Term
DNA sequence data and phylogenetic analyses place king crabs deeply nested w/in the hermit crabs. List 2 features of king crabs that support the hypothesis that their lineage spent 150 million yrs as hermit crabs.
Definition

1. asymmetric abdomen

2. loss of a pair of legs (from 5 pairs to 4 pairs)

Term
Describe briefly what happens when chunks from 2 species of sponges are put in a blender and then allowed to settle at the bottom of a petri dish? and state what this implies about the "immunology" of sponges?
Definition
one fully functional, separate sponge individual of each species (i.e., 2 individuals total) will form in the petri dish. this implies self vs non-self recognition
Term
2 hydrozoan colonies growing on the same shell might begin to grow over each other. name a weapon they grow in their stolon for the enemy colony's discomfort
Definition
nematocysts
Term

Taxon: Porifera

Name the pelagic stage or stages, is(are) the sexual stage(s) benthic, pelagic, or both, is(are) the feeding stage(s) benthic, pelagic, or both

Definition

pelagic stage: larva

sexual stage: benthic

feeding stage: benthic

Term
sponge spicules + mesohyll
Definition

-embedded in matrix of collagen

-spicules are not living (they are formed by amebocytte cells that are also found in profierans), made of either silica or calcium carbonate

-comparable to plastic and glass

-composite of loose and jelly-like and hard like

-flexible so they can sway with water current, so less damage to sponge

Term

Taxon: Anthozoa

Name the pelagic stage or stages, is(are) the sexual stage(s) benthic, pelagic, or both, is(are) the feeding stage(s) benthic, pelagic, or both

Definition

pelagic stage: larva

sexual stage: benthic

feeding stage: benthic

Term

Taxon: Scyphozoa

Name the pelagic stage or stages, is(are) the sexual stage(s) benthic, pelagic, or both, is(are) the feeding stage(s) benthic, pelagic, or both

Definition

pelagic stage: larva and medusa

sexual stage: pelagic

feeding stage: both

Term
What element of the jellyfish bauplan prevents it from having a brain?
Definition
radial symmetry
Term
what does a jellyfish have instead of a brain?
Definition
nerve ring
Term
what is the unit of organization whereby labor is divided in a sponge?
Definition
cell
Term
What is the highest unit of organization whereby labor is divided in a sea anemone that is not present in a sponge?
Definition
tissue
Term
What is the highest unit of organization whereby labor is divided in a hydrozoan colony?
Definition
polyp
Term

a. how many cells thick is the ectoderm of a sponge?

b. what does this tell us about how the ectoderm accomplishes gas exchange?

c. what is the layer in b/w the ectoderm and endoderm and what to elements is it made of?

Definition

a. 1

b. diffusion

c. mesohyl, made of collage for flexibility and structures and spicules for rigidity.

Term

a. how many cells thick is the ectoderm of a polyp?

b. in b/w cell layers there is the ___________, a layer composed primarily of ____. corals also secrete a hard skeleton make of ________

Definition

a. 1

b. mesoglea, collagen, calcium carbonate

Term
Name 3 synergistic elements present in a polychaete that allow free-living forms to become successful hunters
Definition
cephalization, mouth, bilaterality, segmentation, nervous system, circular system, eyes, brain, parapodia, coelom, etc.
Term
consequences of living in snail shell?
Definition

a.naked abdomen

b.asymmetric abdomen: shell is curved in one direction, the shell is a constraint b/c can't grow larger than available shells and have to keep the naked abdomens

Term
#1 Proterospongia
Definition

-phylum Choanoflagellida

-Bauplan requirements: nutrition, support, gas exchange

-nutrition carried out by the cells on the outside (catch all the food)

-amoebocytes: can crawl around through the colony, go up to all the collar cells and take the partially digested food and take it to other cells

-collar cells (filter cells): rod-like psuedopodia (flagella in the middle), water passes through and particles get caught

Term
biogeography
Definition
the distribution of organisms in time and space, tell how evolution happens
Term
speciation
Definition
new species being formed; found nearby ancestral species
Term
Bauplan Requirements
Definition

1. blueprint of an organism

2. multicellular animals need some sort of requirements

Term
Complexity in Ciliates (Stentor, Alveolata)
Definition

-Bauplan Requirements: division of labor, nutrition, excretion, support

-unicellular organism

-don't need multicellularity to get some level of complexity

-mouth and anus are same

-has a level of organization

-internal structured (digestive)

-water expulsion vesicle for excreting waste

-attachment structure at bottom (hold it down)

-dispersal of offsprings by cilia

-support from cell wall

-receive nutrition from cilia

Term
potipotent cells
Definition

-cells that have a cell fate

-determined cell fate

-cells cannot change into other cells

Term
Experiments in multicellularity I: Volvox (green algae)
Definition

-division of labor external flagella (dispersal)

-lives as a colony of cells w/ covering that sort of holds them together

-there is a division of labor among the cell types

-the cells on the outside have a flagella that beat with rhythmic synchronicity, not totipotent cells (once they have reached this rate they can not de-differentiate)

-gas exchange through diffusion ( 1 layer of cells, get rid of waste)

-independent lineage form the green algae

-Bauplan requirements: division of Labor, nutrition excretion, support, dispersal, gas exchange, and reproduction

Term
embryology of Volvox
Definition

-ontogeny (zygote to a multicellular organism)

-predictable division of labor in external flagella

-internal sex cells

-gas exchange (depended on diffusion, limit to the ability to create more bigger forms)

-single layer of cells (not thick layers)

-each cell must be in contact w/ walls

Term
Sponge Bauplans
Definition

-nutrition, excretion

-single layer of choanocytes

-as the pump extract every single particle in the water

Term
Poriferan Cell types
Definition

-epithelial cells: help hold colony together

-pore cells: allow water to pass through

-diffusion: mode of gas exchange

 

Term
Porifera (Sponges)
Definition

-don't move

-colony of cells

-every part of a coral reef has sponges

-1980 graph of discovery Bay jamaica (estimated amount of water that is pushed through the reef by sponges)[water is clear b/c it is pumped by sponges everyday]

-discovery Bay Jamaica (until hurricane)

-more organized than Proterosporgia

-reproduce asexually or sexually

Term
Sponge life cycle
Definition
[image]
Term
sponge choanocyte
Definition

-similar to choanoflagellates (collar cells), making them closest relatives to animals

-flagella and pseudopodia --> water movement thru it and capture particles

-single layer of choanocytes does the pumping (nutrition and excretion)

 

Term
self-non self recognition in sponges
Definition

-attack w/ chemical warfare or overgrow each other

-competition for space and food

-self-nonself recogn (imitation of immune system)

-1 layer of cells

Term
Fusing Sponges
Definition

-advantages: surface area (double in size)

-disadvantages: risking chance that one of the colonies or the other might take over the reproduction of the entire colongy

Term
Why is it so easy for sponges to break off and be apart of another sponge?
Definition
the cells are totipotent (any cell can turn into any other kind of cell)
Term
sponge life cycle
Definition

-birth of the pelago-benthic life cycle

-larva are non feeding

-larva get to bottom of ocean and perform metamorphosis

-having cilia on inside increases surface area

-most p-b life cycles are characterized by metamorphosis

-they know they have reached bottom b/c of abundance of bacteria

-difference b/w sponge and choanoflagellates is that sponges metamorphisize and cilia go inside

Term
sponge ontogeny
Definition
simplest possible, in-direct development b/c goes through metamorphosis
Term
direct vs in-direct development
Definition

direct: choanoflagellates, no metamorphosis, loose intermediate stage (collar cells on outside)

in-direct: metamorphosis (sponges)

Term
Cnidarians
Definition

-have tissues and nematocysts (tissue are groups of similar cells [nerves & muscles]), are poison or neurotoxin

-no forward movement

Term
#2 symbiodinium
Definition

-truely coordinated organism

-form symbiotic relationships w/ lots of marine organisms, take products formed by photosynthesis and use for nutrition

-metridium (sea anenome)

-trap shrimp

 

Term
Sea anemones (phylum cnidaria, class Anthazoa)
Definition

-blind gut: mouth and anus are same

-mesoglea: layer of choanogenist material on isde

-body plan is a lot like sponges body plan

Term
Class Anthozoa
Definition

-tentacle and nerve net (tissue grade of organization)

-polyp

-sea anemones, corals, gorgonians

-layer of collagen --> mesoglea (nonliving)

-thick layers of cells on outside and iside

-digestive tracts takes place in central cavity

-Ectoderm- protects (epitheliemuscular cells)

-Endoderm (food vacuoles) digestive enzyme cells, and nutritive muscular cells

-digestion takes place inside polyp as a whole

-collar cells w/ multiple functions but still true tissues

 

Term
Cnidarian (skeleton types)
Definition

1. calcium carbonate (exoskeleton, protection against predators, coral each polyp constructs its own skeleton, not seen in sea anenomes, only in coral) *when polyp dies, new polyp has to build its own new skeleton

2. hydrostatic skeleton (sea anemones, use water as their skeleton, squeezes water and transfers force to another part of the polyp, b/c water has virtually no compression , making it a perfect medium to transfer energy)

Term
Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoan life cycle
Definition

-non feeding larva

-much like sponge life cycle

-only pelagic stage is the larva

Term
Anthozoan (unit of organization)
Definition

-colony of polyp connected together by tubes called stolon, little tube that passes water through colony sometimes referred to as gastro-vascular tube (why sea anemones are diff from other organisms)

-connected through nerves and reproduce asexually

-each polyp has specific size and shape

-after producing asexually forms connected colonies of polyps

Term
what is different about a sea anenomes new polyps?
Definition
a sea anemone can produce new polyps asexually but breaks off contact with the parent, doesn't have a stolon connected
Term
brain coral
Definition

-polyps act as individuals

-uninterrupted growth in corals

-function with hydrostatic skeleton

-use mesoglea and water

Term
differences in division of labor for anthozoa and hydrozoa
Definition

anthozoa have a DOL at cellular level and tissue level, no division of labor among polyps(all identical)

-hyrdozoa: there is DOL

Term
Hydrozoan Colony Types
Definition

-can grow off the surface of a colony, but having the polyps budding off one another, as well as across the stolon

-rules of growth: 1. asexual polyp produce (connected=colony, not connected= individual adult polyps like the sea anemone) 2. both stolons and polyps can produce new polyps

Term
Phylum Cnidaria, class hydrozoan colony division of labor
Definition
-specialized polyps (feeding, defensive, reproductive)
Term
#4 Hydractinia
Definition

-hydrozoan colony

-live on hermit crab shells (form polyps)

-solitary polyp (only hydrozoan) no colony

-bud

-release medusa (no guarantee it will get to the sexual stage in time in the proximity of hermit crab)

-send stolons over other colony, fill them up with nematocysts and jab them into the other colony

Term
Hydrozoan Medusa
Definition

-jellyfish stage

-tentacles

-Rhopallium: tell whether they are up right, uses gravity (as medusa tilts one way, the statocyst touches against the other side and tells the medusa to get back up)

-medusa has a lot more mesoglea (jelly) than a polyp (mesoglea is really thin)

-more intelligent than a polyp b/c of nerve ring

-gastrovascular canals

-nerve net

Term
Cnidarians: Hydrozoan life cycle
Definition

pelago-benthic cycle

-in the anthozoa, the polyp is the sexual stage

-in this life cycle, the polyps is the asexual stage

-this is referred to as the alternation of sexual and asexual generations (these are the only animals that have this life cycle)

Term
polyp vs medusa
Definition
-division of labor preceded the invention of the medusa
Term
radial symmetry (hydrozoan)
Definition

-can bisect the organism at any particular angle and each side will be a mirror image of the other

-reason for circular nerve net

Term
losing the medusa
Definition

1. medusae no longer released, and 2. medusae development is arrested, become sexual while still attached to colongy

-lost medusa stage by changing rules of growth (medusa isn't released and reproductive polyp stays connected to the colony, making the colony itself the sexual stage b/c the gametes are released from the colony not the medusa stage)

 

Term
Cnidarians: Class Scyphozoa life cycle 
Definition

-true jellyfish

-never lose the medusa stage

-individual medusa is genetically identical to the other medusa's released by the same polyp

-determinal growth b/c individual ... a colony is indeterminate growth

-polyp is asexual stage and medusa is sexual stage

Term
Why are scyphozoans different from hydrozoans?
Definition
b/c they are separate individuals and the polyp can only produce medusa
Term
Cnidarians: #5 Carybdea
Definition

-sea wasp

-hydrostatic skeleton

-sophisticated movement

-four part symmetry

-paralyzes fish instantly, grabs and puts in mouth

-cubomedusa eye: images forming eyes, similar to human eye

Term
# 3 Metridium
Definition
sea anemone
Term
#6 Physalia (Cnidarian)
Definition

-siphonophora hydrozoa

-Portuguese Man o' War

-polyp at top

Term
Phylum Ctenophora
Definition

-tissue grade of organization

-nerves, muscles

-biradial symmetry

-thin layers of cells on either side of mesoglea (diffusion-> gas exchange and excretion)

-no nematrocysts

-no hydrostatic skeleton

-bioluminescent

Term
similarities b/w choanoflagellates and porifera and anthozoa and hyrdozoa
Definition

-Choan and prof (metamorphsis added in porfiera stage)

-anthozoa and hydrozoa (medusa stage added in hydrozoan stage)

-both added by process of terminal addition

Term
tree of animals
Definition
[image]
Term
Cnidarians vs Platyhelminthes (tissue layer)
Definition

-platyhelminthes have new tissue layer called mesoderm that has potential to go on and invent new structures (3 tissue layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

-cnidarians have 2 tissue layers (ectoderm and endoderm)

Term
Platyneminties: Turbellaria
Definition

-1st to make it onto land

-some have larva

Term
Platyhelminthes
Definition

-free living flatworms

-brached set

-mostly marine

-1st invasion of land (Turbellaria)

-bilateralists and cephalization (bilaterality and foward movement leads to cephazliation (create head) --> introduction of brain

-predictable movement in one direction

-excretory system: generates a current of water that flows through the channels and through diffusion in the cell wall of the flame cells the waste gets passed (like mini kidneys)

-hermaphrodites: has testes and ovaries throughout the body, brought to you by mesoderm

-most are parasitic

-missing a respiratory system (reason for being flat)

-no hydrostatic skeleton

-layer of cilia for movement

Term
Platyhelminthes: Reproductive System (copulating)
Definition

-internal fertilization (increases efficiency)

-some form of intelligence b/c must find each other and line up penis and vagina

Term
Plathelminthes: Aocela
Definition

-cilia on outer edge (move w/ cilia, tells us they are very small)

-flat and missing a respiratory system.. perform gas exchange through diffusion

-have muscles that contract against the collection of cells called the mesenchyme (cellular and living, unlike mesoglea)

-mouth is located basically at their belly (bad!!)

-their gut is the same as the central cavity of the cnidarian, which means the mouth is also the anus

Term
Cestoda (Tapeworms)
Definition

-these are all parastic

-complicated life cycle

-multiple hosts

-segmented

Term
#7 Taenia
Definition

-segmented

-might be eaten by a hollywood pop star

-once used in medicine (swallowed for weight loss)

-has serial homology

-reproductive organs repeated in each segment

-no gut food

-absorbs oxygen through skin

Term
Playhelminthes: Trematoda
Definition

-Liver fluke

-multiple hosts

-fasten itself to liver and takes what it needs

Term
Phylum Annelida
Definition

-major difference from flatworm is that these guys have a coelom (water filled cavity that is fully lined w/ mesoderm, contribution to mesoderm[hydrostatic skeleton])

-divided into segments with legs coming off each segment

-setae: extensions from legs

-polychaeta: most abundant annelid

-earthworm (Oligachatae): most familiar of the annelids

Term
Polychaete Serial homology
Definition

-all annelids show serial homology

-nephridia: tiny little kidneys that secrete waste

-parapodia: paddle like structures

-each segment has its own coelom that is not connected to the next one

-the gut and circulatory system or reproductive organs goes through the whole thing

-phylogenetic homology (trait in 2 organisms that was present in common ancestor)

 

Term
Annelida: Circulatory system
Definition

-this is what flatworms are missing

-annelids have closed circulatory system

-oxygen comes in through the skin (this is why earthworms have to remain wet)

-capillaries: collect the oxygen and brought back to blood vessels

-finally have an efficient mechanism for gas exchange

-advantages of having a circulatory system: can be as thick as you want; can get a lot larger; more energy and movement

-parapodia can act as gills: gill is a gas exchange organ (has a lot of small capillaries)

-complexity at the cellular level (Annelids) b/c of circulatory system (all comes from mesoderm)

 

Term
Annelids: Serial homology and division of labor
Definition

-different parts of the body are specialized for different functions

-serial repeating units, have potential for division of labor

Term
Annelids: flow-through gut and specialization
Definition

-Ctenophoras also have it

-food goes in one end and out the other

-allows you to specialize

-crop and gizzard (digestion) and the end (absorbs nutrients)

-mouth is at front, instead of middle

-allows the head to focus on feeding

Term
Earthworm movement
Definition

1. coelom

2. serial homology

-allows worm to dig

-powerful forward movement

Term
Polychaete movement
Definition

-only longitudinal muscles important alternate sides relaxing and contract

-differential contraction on one side of the body then the other

-two sets of longitudinal body (one set on the right and one on the left)

-this is only permited cuz the coelem is confined to its segment

-synergry: interaction of 2 or more agents so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects

  -have serial homology interacting w/ hydrostatic skeleton to move rapidly

Term
Synergy
Definition

interaction of 2 or more agents or forces so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects

-cephilzation results from the combination of two things: nervous system and forward movement

-cellular complexity: mesoderm (3 tissue layers), circulatory system

-much larger size results from circulatory system, flow through gut, and more efficient feeding

Term
#8 Polygordius (Annelid)
Definition
-first feeding larva
Term
success of a group can be measured by...
Definition

1. bauplan --> achieve things over bauplan

2. sheer size of organism over other organisms

Term
we have....
Definition

coelom: hold most of our organs in place

serial homology: spine--> specialized

Term
Phylum Arthropoda: Serial homology and DOL
Definition

-Arthropods took basic annelid body plan and add one basic feature to it [covered body with a suit of armor made out of chitin]

-armor makes coloem completely useless [now it’s just a little bag to hold the organs]

-there is no linear movement with animal evolution, like plant evolution

-division of labor: certain segments specialized for walking, breathing, etc…

Term
How did Arthropoda deal with coelom problem?
Definition
built an articulated skeleton (there are joints that allow them to bend their arms and legs)
Term
articulated skeleton of arthopoda
Definition

-rigid outer layer

-flexible articular membrane

-muscles are attached directly to the chitinous exoskeleton b/c no hydrostatic skeleton

-good at fine scale coordinated movement b/c of articulated skeleton

-humans also have an articulated skeleton

Term
cuticle of arthropoda
Definition
layers of chitin on top of the epidermis
Term
problems posed by suit of armor in arthropods
Definition

1. movement- armor renders the coelom useless (solved by articulated skeleton)

2. sensing the world became difficult with the cuticle in b/w the epidermis and the outside world. (solved by sending neurons up through the cuticle into sensory setae on the outside of the armor)

3. growth was restricted b/c cuticle is not living and can't grow (solution: molt--> problem cuz go through defenseless stage and use so much energy to make new skeleton)

4. gas exchange (solution: open circulatory system)

Term
Arthropoda vs Annelids
Definition

-arthropoda have open circulatory system, exoskelton made of chitin, and legs

-annelids have closed circulatory system and hydrostatic skeleton

Term
TOP 2O: Araneus
Definition

-typical garden spider

-male is smaller, after mating eat male (courtship)

-Chelicerata

Term
Arthropoda: Class Trilobita
Definition

-extinct, we only have fossils remaining

-the 1st really good fossil record discovered

Term
Arthropoda: Class Crustacea
Definition

-pilbug is the only crestacean to fully colonize land

-mostly marine

-Balanus (barnacle): builds a completely exterior fortress, fixed to substrate, shrimp like things standing on their heads, performs internal fertilization [all arthropods do this]

Term
TOP 20: Scolopendra gigantea
Definition

-myriapoda entirely terrestrial

-can eat mouse

Term
trachea and spiracles
Definition

-breathing is another problem when you get onto land [when you are on land, getting the oxygen out of straight air is hard]

- have little tiny holes that lead tot he surface and trachea

-trachea delivers air directly to tissues

-no pumping going on in these structures

-arthropods already had articulated skeleton and cuticle, so they were ready to get onto land

Term
Trilobita appendages
Definition

-one pair of pre-oral antennae (uniramous)

-all other appendages biramous

Term
Chelicerata (horshoe crabs, pycnogonids, spiders, ticks)
Definition

-every single appendage in a Chelicerate is uniramous

-cephalothorax: has 6 uniramous appendages, have lost gill branches

-abdomen: all gills are uniramous, have lost walking branches

Term
Crstacea (true crabs, king crabs, hermit crabs, shrimp) appendages
Definition

head: 5 appendages, 2 antennae, 3 feeding

 

trunk: all appendages biramous

Term
Myriapod Insects, Hexapod Insects [insects, beetles, centipedes) appendages
Definition

-all legs are uniramous, walking branches only

-all have trachea and spiracles

Term
Pterygota Bauplan (winged insects)
Definition

-wings are extensions of the cuticle (have blood flowing into them, living part of the body)

-Wings are used for flying (advantages: finding food, escape, allows host-specificity)

-Three theories for why wings arose (intermediate stage; half-wings):

1.Stabilize jumping à gliding
2.Thermoregulation
3.May have risen in Aquatic insects

Term
incomplete metamorphosis
Definition

-secondary evolved metamorphosis

-closest thing to direct development

-when it come out of egg, looks like a mini adult

Term
caterpillar and imaginal disk
Definition

imaginal disk: has all the basic instructions needed to produce the butterfly

-the butterfly grows out of the imaginal disk

Term
termite mound
Definition

-represent a higher level of organization than other organisms because they live in these big societies, they cooperate, able to have very specific temperatures in different parts of the mound

Term
termite castes
Definition

-division of labor

-there is a queen and king, with different types of termites

-the unit of organization is the individual 

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