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Bio2200
Microorganism & microbiology
492
Biology
Undergraduate 2
09/14/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

cell

 

Definition

the

basic unit of life

Term

Levels of Organization

Organismal Level

Definition

 

tissue  

organs

organ systems

organism

 

 

tissues

 

 

Term

Levels of Organization

Ecological Level

Definition

 

 

population

community

ecosystem

Term

 

 

 

 

Emergent properties

 

 

 

Definition

new properties

present at one level that are not seen in

the previous level

Term

Charles Darwin

Definition

Served as naturalist on mapping expedition

around coastal South America.

Used many observations to develop his

ideas

Proposed that evolution occurs by

natural selection

 

Term
natural selection
Definition

individuals with

superior physical or behavioral

characteristics are more likely to

survive and reproduce than those

without such characteristics

Term

Voyage of the

 

 

 

Beagle

Definition

Charles Darwin trip around the world

Term

evolution

Definition

modification of a species over

generations

-“descent with modification

Term
what makes natural selcection possible
Definition

1) Species produce more offspring than

the environment can support

2) Organisms compete, some lose

3) Organisms most suited to their

environment are those that survive

4) Those most suitable are those

Term

Darwin’s Evidence??

Definition

Similarity of related species

- Darwin noticed variations in related

species living in different locations

Term

Plants are

 

 

useful

for:

Definition

food (!), medicines, spices, clothing,

building materials, chemicals, etc

Term
y study plants??
Definition

 

 

 

 

• Plants are

 

 

useful

for:

food (!), medicines, spices, clothing,

building materials, chemicals, etc.

• Plants are the

 

 

largest, oldest

and most

powerful

 

 

 

organisms on the planet

• Plants are

 

 

interesting

• Plants are

 

 

beautiful

Term

Fitness

Definition

genetic contribution of an individual’s descendents to future generations

Term

Beer

Definition

Beer

From barley

(also other grains,

flavored with hops)

Term

Whiskey

Definition

From corn

(also barley, rye,

other grains

Term

Rum

Definition

From

sugar cane

Term

Sake

Definition

From

rice

Term

Tequila

Definition

From

agave

Term

Vodka

Definition

From

potatoes

(also grains

Term

Gin

Definition

From

juniper

“berries

Term

Taxus brevifolia

Definition

bark contains taxol

which is used to

treat breast

cancer

Term

Climate Change causes ??

Definition

 

 

Climate change is caused by a build up of

certain gases in the atmosphere (CO

 

 

2

).

• Humans have increased the atmospheric

concentration of CO

 

 

2

by burning fossil fuels.

• Humans have decreased CO

 

 

2

removal from the

Term

The more co2

 

is removed from

the atmosphere, the .........the earth will become.

Definition
cooler
Term

The more we reduce forests

and other plant growth the.......... the earth will become

Definition
warmer
Term

Largest Living Thing???

Definition

The world’s largest clone is an stand of aspen containing

47,000 individual stems

Term

Transpiration

Definition

the

loss of water via stomata

Term

Mistletoes

Definition

are tree parasites. thier seed is jet propelled from one tree to another

Term

Angiosperms

Definition
Angiosperms are flowering plants
Term
Angiosperms xtics??
Definition

 

Angiosperms are flowering plants!

  -Highly specialized plants that are the   most recently evolved

  -Highly diversified plants (about 255,000

  species)

  -Kinda funky plants that have many   different structures and pollinators

Term
Angiosperms include
Definition

Eudicots

Monocots

Term
Monocots exmples
Definition

 

about 65,000 species)

  -Grasses, lilies, palms, irises, others

  -Some rely on wind for pollination

Term
Eudicots exmpls
Definition

 

(about 175,000 species)

  -Trees, shrubs, snapdragons, peas, other

  -Use flowers to attract insect pollinators

Term
what to note about edudicots and monocots
Definition

 

Note: Self-pollination may also occur

Term
Ploidy
Definition

 

The number of complete sets of

  chromosomes in a cell

Term
Haploid
Definition
one set of chromosomes (1n).
Term
Diploid
Definition
two sets of chromosomes (2n)
Term
Mitosis
Definition

 

Chromosomes are

separated into two identical

sets.

Term
what the outcome of mitosis
Definition

 

Creates two diploid cells.

 

Results in “photocopied”

cells.

Term

what are the 2 generations in plants

and what divins do each undergo??

Definition

gametophyte and sporophyte

 

 

 

 

 

1)Sporophytes producing spores via meiosis;

3)Gametophytes producing gametes by mitosis;
Term
stamen is made of
Definition
anther +filament
Term
carprl is made of
Definition
anther filamnet and ovary
Term
polar nucleus
Definition
Either of two nuclei located centrally in a flowering plant embryo sac that eventually fuse to form the endosperm nucleus.
Term
hypogynous
Definition

 

Ovaries above other floral

parts are called “superior

Term
epigynous
Definition

flowers whoes overies are inferior to the other floral parts 

Ovaries below other floral

parts are called “inferior

Term
symmetry of flowers are either ??
Definition

 

bilaterally symmetrical or

radially symmetrical

Term
perigynous
Definition
Having sepals, petals, and stamens around the edge of a cuplike receptacle containing the ovary
Term
Pollination
Definition
is the process by which pollen is placed on the stigma
Term
 types of pollination
Definition
Can be self-pollination (same flower) or cross-pollination (a different flower
Term
pollinators
Definition
biotic agent (vector) that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization
Term
Flowers that are visited regularly by butterflies often have
Definition
flat “landing platforms
Term
Flowers that are visited regularly by moths are often
Definition

white, or pale in color

 

They also tend to be heavily scented

 

Term
Flowers that are visited regularly by birds often have
Definition

red color

Usually inconspicuous to insects

Term
Outcrossing promoted by
Definition

 

1. Separation of male and female structures in space

   2. Separation of male and female structures in time

    3. Self-incompatibility

Term
What do plants need
to make flowers ??
Definition

 

1.Phase change to physiologically deal with flowering, AND:

 

2. A light cue, OR;
3. A chilling cue, OR;
4. A hormonal cue, OR;
5. Other cues.
Term
Short-day plants
Definition
flower when daylight < threshold
Term
Long-day plants
Definition
flower when daylight > threshold
Term
Day-neutral plants
Definition
flower when mature regardless of day length
Term
vernalization
Definition
a chilling period required by some plants to grow
Term
gibberellin
Definition
promotes flowering by enhancing the expression of genes that allow flowering.
Term

 

A vascular plant

consists of systems ??

Definition
root and shoot system
Term
shoot consist of
Definition
= stem + leaves
Term
Meristems
Definition
small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei
Term
Parenchyma cells
Definition

 

Basic plant cell

involved in support, storage, synthesis, secretion

Term
Collenchyma cells
Definition
  Angular thickenings, involved in support and photosynthesis
Term
Sclerenchyma cells
Definition

 

Tough, thick walls filled with lignin. 

 

Includes fibers and sclerids (stone cells)

Term
Simple Plant Tissue
Definition

ground tissue

parencyma, sclenrchyma, etc

Term
complex plant tissue
Definition
: Vascular Tissue(xylem,phloem), dermal tissue
Term
epidermis
Definition
which is usually one cell layer thick and covered with a waxy cuticle
Term
plasmodesmata
Definition

Strands of cytoplasm connecting the protoplasts of two contiguous plant cells.


Term
sieve plate
Definition
are a type of elongated parenchyma cells in phloem tissue
Term

 

Morphogenesis

Definition
differentiation and growth of the structure of an organism
Term
Ovule differenciates to form
Definition
seed coat
Term
The carpel wall develops into a
Definition
fruit
Term
in embryogenesis food is stored in the
Definition
cotyledons or endosperm
Term
plumule
Definition
embryonic shoot with first leaves      ... stanta
Term
endosperm
Definition
nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo within seeds of flowering plants
Term
endospore
Definition
a small asexual spore that develops inside the cell of some bacteria and algae
Term
seed functions 4??
Definition

 

1. They maintain dormancy under unfavorable conditions

  2. They protect the young plant when it is most vulnerable

  3. They provide food for the embryo until it can produce its own food

  4. They facilitate dispersal of the embryo

Term
endosperm
Definition
The nutritive tissue within seeds of flowering plants, surrounding and absorbed by the embryo
Term
pericarp
Definition
The wall of a ripened ovary; fruit wall
Term
Hypocotyl
Definition
The part of the axis of a plant embryo or seedling plant that is below the cotyledons
Term
casparian strip
Definition

A thin band of suberin- or lignin-like deposition in the radial and transverse walls of certain plant cells during the primary development phase of the endodermis.


Term

 

Leaves are arranged in one of three ways

Definition

alternate

opposite

whorled

Term

 

Internal Stem Structure

Definition
[image]
Term
Geochemical
Definition
The chemistry of the composition and alterations of the solid matter of the earth or a celestial body
Term

anaerobic

Definition
absence of atmospheric oxygen
Term

Putrefaction

 

Definition

(food spoilage)

 

Decomposition of organic matter, especially protein, by microorganisms, resulting in production of foul-smelling matter

Term
Bioremediation
Definition
 process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition
Term

Why study Microbiology?

- Microbiology revolves around two themes

Definition

1. The basic science of understanding life

 

2.The application of science to human needs

Term

The Importance of Microorganisms in human life

Definition

- Microorganisms can be both beneficial and harmful to humans.

- Emphasis typically on harmful microorganisms (infectious disease agents,

or pathogens).

- But many more microorganisms in nature are beneficial than are harmful.

- Microbes affect many aspects of our lives,

1. as Disease Agents

2. as Geochemical Agents (Agriculture)

3. in Food Industry

4. in Energy and Environmental Industry

5. in Biotechnology (as genetic resources)

Term

The Importance of Microorganisms in

 

 

Food Industry

Definition

Putrefaction

Fermentation

Term

Bioremediation

Definition

Cleaning up pollutants by microbes

Term

Deinococcus radiodurans

 

 

Definition

- The world's toughest bacterium in "The Guinness Book of World Records"

because of its extraordinary resistance to several extreme conditions such as

heat, cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid.

- And extremely resistant to radioactivity

Term

The Importance of Microorganisms in

 

 

Biotechnology

Definition

manufacturing of pharmaceuticals d. insulin

Microbiology as a Career

1. Clinical medicine

2. Research and development – pharmaceutical, chemical/biochemical,

biotechnology

3. Microbial monitoring in food and beverage industries, public health,

government

Term

Robert Hooke

 

Definition

 

 

the first person to     

 

- observed the

(reproductive structures) of molds in his

 

 

Micrographia

” in 1665.

 

fruiting bodies describe microorganisms

 first discovered microorganisms and described them in a book called Micrographia

Term

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Definition

the first person to

 

 

observe bacteria

Term

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

 

 oberveed this small creatures and named them?

Definition

wee animalcules

Term

Ferdinand J. Cohn

Definition
Term

Ferdinand J. Cohn

Definition

was a botanist who founded the science of Bacteriology

(the study of Bacteria).

 

 

 

*he published an early classification of bacteria, using the genus name

Bacillus

 

 

for the first time.

Term

Louis Pasteur

Definition

a French chemist who made major

contributions to chemistry and to microbiology

 

Developed vaccines : anthrax, cholera, rabies

 

 

 

demonstrated that the fermentation process is caused by the growth of

showed that some microorganisms contaminated fermenting beverage and he invented a process (“

 

pasteurization”) in which liquids such as milk were heated to

k

 

sterilizationill most bacteria and molds already present within them. (vs.

)

 

 

Term

John Needham’s experiment

Definition

the idea of spontaneous generation took hold in scientific

communities

Term

 

swan-neck

experiment  purpose??

Definition

Pasteur proving that microorganisms were present in the air

Term

Robert Koch

Definition

was the first to prove that microbes cause disease (

 

 

The Germ Theory of Disease

Term

He won the Nobel Prize for his work (1905) on tuberculosis which at that time

killed 1 out of every 7 people in the world.

Definition

Robert Koch

Term

Acid-Fast stain made by

 

 

 

Definition

Robert Koch

Term

One of the most important discoveries in

microbiology was the development by ............  of a

 

 

solid nutritional medium for isolating pure cultures

 

Definition

Robert Koch

Term

 

 

 

 

pure cultures

 

 

 

Definition
is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture media under controlled laboratory
Term

Koch's postulates

Definition
are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease
Term
pure culcutre
Definition
colony containg a single species of microorganism
Term

Martinus Beijerinck

 

Definition

Enrichment culture

 

 

 

discovered

 

viruses (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) as "soluble"

living microbes.

Isolated the first pure cultures of aerobic nitorgen-fixing,

sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria,

green algae…

Term

Enrichment culture

Definition
Term

Sergei Winogradsky

Definition

- Did work similar to Beijernick but isolated Soil nitrogen-fixing bacterium

(

 

 

Clostridium pasteurianum) and established the concept of bacterial N2 fixation

.

Term

Chemolithotrophy

Definition
the process of an organism obtaining its energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds.
Term
chemoautotroph
Definition
An organism, such as a bacterium or protozoan, that obtains its nourishment through the oxidation of organic chemical compounds as opposed to photosynthesis.
Term

 

 

 

 

Medical Microbiology

 

 

 

and Immunology

have roots with whoses work

Definition

Koch’s

Term

 

 

 

 

Agricultural Microbiology

 

 

 

and Industrial Microbiology

developed from

concepts developed by

Definition

Beijerinck and Winogradsky

Term

 

 

 

Aquatic Microbiology

 

 

 

and Marine Microbiology

developed from

Definition

Soil Microbiology

Term

 

 

 

Microbial Ecology

 

 

 

emerged in

Definition

1960s-70s

Term

Microbial Systematics

Definition

he science of grouping and classifying

microorganisms

Term

Microbial Physiology

Definition

Study of the nutrients that microbes require for

metabolism and growth and the products that they generate

Term

Microbial Cytology

Definition

Study of cellular structure

Term

Microbial Biochemistry

Definition

Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions

Term

Bacterial Genetics

Definition

Study of heredity and variation in bacteria

Term

Virology

Definition

Study of viruses

Term
phenotype
Definition
observable characteristic or trait of an organism
Term
genotype
Definition
The genetic makeup of an organism
Term

Phylogeny

 

Definition
The evolutionary development and history of a species or higher taxonomic grouping of organisms. Also called phylogenesis
Term
morphology
Definition
The branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of organisms without consideration of function.
Term
physiology
Definition
the science which deals with the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved
Term

Carl Woese

Definition

first used ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequences as a

tool for constructing phylogenetic relationships which can be

visualized on a phylogenetic tree.

Term

Comparative rRNA sequencing

has defined three distinct

lineages of cells called

 

 

domains

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bacteria

 

 

(prokaryotic)

Archaea

 

 

(prokaryotic)

Eukarya (eukaryotic

Term
prokaryotes
Definition
Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus in which DNA is housed and which lack many of the organelles found in more advanced cells
Term
Prokaryotae belong to what kingdom
Definition
kingdom Monera
Term

endosymbiosis

Definition
A mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives inside the other
Term

symbiogenesis

Definition
is the merging of two separate organisms to form a single new organism
Term

what did lynn Lynn Margulis propose

 

 

Definition

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are ancestors of specific lineages

of

 

 

Bacteria

(endosymbiosis, symbiogenesis

Term

3 Evidence for endosymbiosis

Definition

- Comparative rRNA sequencing.

- Similarity in genome sequence.

- Genomes are circular DNA.

Term

Genomes

Definition
An organism's genetic material
Term
polyphyletic
Definition
Relating to or characterized by development from more than one ancestral type
Term
replication
Definition
The process by which genetic material, a single-celled organism, or a virus reproduces or makes a copy of itself: replication of DNA
Term
transcription
Definition
The process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template resulting in the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to the messenger RNA
Term

 

 

 

Basic Characteristics

 

(Principles) of Life

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Definition

Functionality:

Life functions.

2. Adaptability:

If it has atrophied to the point of dysfunctionality,

it adapts.

 

 

3. Sustainability:

 

Term

cell is thus an

 

open system means?

Definition

take up nutrients from the environment,

transform them, and release wastes into the

environment

Term
compartmentalization
Definition
The division of a building into sections or layers whereby one can be closed off from the others
Term
translation
Definition
The process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid sequence of a growing polypeptide during protein
Term

Anabolism

Definition
The phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue
Term

Catabolism

Definition
The metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of energy.
Term
algae and plants fall under what domain?
Definition
Eukarya
Term
Protist fall under what domain?
Definition
Eukarya
Term
animal and fungi fall under what domain?
Definition

Eukarya

Term

extremophiles

Definition

Microorganisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archaea that can live and thrive in environments with extreme conditions such as high or low temperatures and pH levels, high salt concentrations, and high pressure.


Term
TWO MAIN Prokaryotes groups are the domain   ...nd ........
Definition

 

Bacteria

 

and

Archaea

 

Term
chromosome
Definition
A circular strand of DNA in bacteria that contains the hereditary information necessary for cell life.
Term

 

 

 

 

nucleoid

 

 

 

Definition
The part of a bacterium or virus that contains nucleic acid and is analogous in function to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
Term

plasmids

Definition
A circular, double-stranded unit of DNA that replicates within a cell independently of the chromosomal DNA
Term

book The Selfish Gene is by

Definition

Richard Dawkins

Term

3 xtics of Eukaryotes

Definition

 

- Have a

 

 

nucleus

and other membrane bound organelles.

- DNA is generally in the form of

 

 

linear chromosomes

(usually in pairs or

even in multiple copies).

- More than one copy of each gene is present -

 

 

diploid (2) or polyploid

(>2)

Term

Major Eukaryotic microbes

Definition

Fungi

molds, yeast, mushrooms...

Protozoa

Paramecium, Amoebae…

 

 

Algae       plants

Term

3 Cellular Microbes xtics

Definition

- Composed of cells - often single cell.

- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

- Genetic material is always

 

DNA

Term

Noncellular

Definition

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

No membranes

- No independent metabolism

- molecular parasites

- Genetic material can beeither

 

 

RNA or

DNA

Term

Bacteria don

 

t have species was said by who

Definition

Margulis

Term
continuum
Definition
A continuous extent, succession, or whole, no part of which can be distinguished from neighboring parts except by arbitrary division
Term

 

who just They just

 

pick up genes, and

throw away genes

Definition

bacteria

Term
why are different criterais used for bacterias but same used for plant,fungi and animals ?
Definition
beacuse bacterias change overnight
Term

Five Kingdoms of Life

Definition

BACTERIA (2 subkingdoms)

*ARCHAEA

*EUBACTERIA

PROTOCTISTA

ANIMALIA

FUNGI

PLANTAE

Term

Viruses

 

vs viroids

Definition

 

Virus

 

 

is nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

 

Viroid

 

 

 

 

is naked RNA (highly complementary, circular, single- stranded

RNA) that is infectious (no protein coat

 

 

 

 

 

Virus

is nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

Viroid

 

is naked RNA (highly complementary, circular, single- stranded
 

 

Term

Phototrophs

Definition
Organisms that use sunlight to synthesize organic nutrients as their energy source
Term
lithotroph
Definition
   an organism that uses an inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis ...
Term
Organotrophs
Definition
organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates
Term

Energy

where to get (ATP) from

 

 

source for microorganisms are?

Definition
chemical(chemo) and light (photo)
Term

Autotrophs

Definition
"self-feeder," and these organisms are distinguished by the fact that they do not depend on other organisms as a source of energy. Instead, they obtain energy from the Sun and carbondioxide from the atmosphere, and from these constituents they build the large organic molecules that they need to survive
Term

Heterotrophs

Definition
An organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition
Term

Eukaryotic microorganisms are collectively known

Definition

Eukaryotic microorganisms are collectively known

Term

Nucleic Acids

 

Definition

chains of

 

 

nucleotides connected by a

phosphodiester bond

Term

Proteins

Definition

chains of

 

 

amino acids connected by a

peptide bond

Term

 

 

Lipids

 

 

:

Definition
 fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone through ester bond
Term

 

 

Polysaccharides

 

 

:

Definition

 

 

 

 chains of sugars connected by a glycosidic bond

Term

DNA - stands for

Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
Term

RNA - stands for

Definition
 ribonucleic acid
Term

Cohesiveness

Definition

Each water molecule can bind up to four other water molecules by H-bond

Term

The major elements in earth crust are

Definition

O > Si > Al > Fe

Term

Carbon

Definition

tetrahedral covalent bond

 

 

 

: variety by linear, branched or cyclic backbone

Term

The major elements in life

 

 

Definition
H > O > C > N
Term

Oxygen

Definition

 

-

 

 

strong electron acceptor

(next to F and Cl) so that electron transfer to

O

 

 

2

can be used as energy yielding process

Term

Nitrogen

 

Definition

- as quaternary N, acts as an intermediate to

 

 

temporarily store the excess

Term

Phosphorus & Sulfur

 

Definition

- their bonds are unstable in water and needs lots of energy when forming

bonds with these.

- as an

 

 

energy carriers

since their hydrolysis releases high energy (ATP,

Term

Chemical Bonds are formed when the ???

Definition

total energy of the combination

has lower energy than the separated atoms.

Term

4 Chemical Interactions

Definition

Electrostatic interactions

Hydrogen bond

van der Waals forces

Hydrophobic interactions

Term

Why these non-covalent interactions are important in living systems?

Definition

1. Rapid biochemical reactions in cells (eg, enzyme-substrate)

2. Provide specific conformation for macromolecules (DNA, proteins…)

3. Stabilize molecular shape

4. Self-assembly

5. Cell-cell recognition and more.

Term

electrostatic interactions

Definition
charge to charge interaction in a molecule
Term

Microtubules are composed

of two similar proteins??

Definition

α

 

-

tubulin

 

(in blue) and β-

β

β

 

tubulin

 

tubulin

tubulin

 

(in pink)

Term

One of the

forces holding the two

proteins are

Definition

van der Waals

 

 

.

Term

The major Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane

Definition

*barrier to the cells contols nutrients moving in and out.

* helps in the trsport of protien

*conservation energy

Term

Noninformational Macromolecules

Definition

Polysaccharides

Lipids

Term

Informational Macromolecules

Definition

Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

Proteins

Term

Polysaccharides are polymers of

Definition

 

 

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

monosaccharides are bonded together by what bond

 

 

Definition

 

 

 

glycosidic bonds

Term

 functions of

Polysaccharides

Definition

 

 

 

Play important roles in

 

cell walls and as storage molecules

Term

Pentoses

Definition

(C

 

 

5

sugars): structural backbones of nucleic acids

Term

Hexoses

 

Definition

(C

6 sugars): monomeric constituents of cell wall polymers

Term

 

Glycosidic Bond

 

 

Definition

Covalent bonds linking sugars together in a polysaccharide

Term

5  Types of carbohydrates

Definition

Monosaccharide: Glucose, Fructose…

- Disaccharide: Sucrose (Glu + Fru)…

- Trisaccharide

- Oligosaccharide

- Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose

Term
Geochemical
Definition
The chemistry of the composition and alterations of the solid matter of the earth or a celestial body
Term

anaerobic

Definition
absence of atmospheric oxygen
Term

Putrefaction

 

Definition

(food spoilage)

 

Decomposition of organic matter, especially protein, by microorganisms, resulting in production of foul-smelling matter

Term
Bioremediation
Definition
 process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition
Term

Why study Microbiology?

- Microbiology revolves around two themes

Definition

1. The basic science of understanding life

 

2.The application of science to human needs

Term

The Importance of Microorganisms in human life

Definition

- Microorganisms can be both beneficial and harmful to humans.

- Emphasis typically on harmful microorganisms (infectious disease agents,

or pathogens).

- But many more microorganisms in nature are beneficial than are harmful.

- Microbes affect many aspects of our lives,

1. as Disease Agents

2. as Geochemical Agents (Agriculture)

3. in Food Industry

4. in Energy and Environmental Industry

5. in Biotechnology (as genetic resources)

Term

The Importance of Microorganisms in

 

 

Food Industry

Definition

Putrefaction

Fermentation

Term

Bioremediation

Definition

Cleaning up pollutants by microbes

Term

Deinococcus radiodurans

 

 

Definition

- The world's toughest bacterium in "The Guinness Book of World Records"

because of its extraordinary resistance to several extreme conditions such as

heat, cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid.

- And extremely resistant to radioactivity

Term

The Importance of Microorganisms in

 

 

Biotechnology

Definition

manufacturing of pharmaceuticals d. insulin

Microbiology as a Career

1. Clinical medicine

2. Research and development – pharmaceutical, chemical/biochemical,

biotechnology

3. Microbial monitoring in food and beverage industries, public health,

government

Term

Robert Hooke

 

Definition

 

 

the first person to     

 

- observed the

(reproductive structures) of molds in his

 

 

Micrographia

” in 1665.

 

fruiting bodies describe microorganisms

 first discovered microorganisms and described them in a book called Micrographia

Term

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Definition

the first person to

 

 

observe bacteria

Term

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

 

 oberveed this small creatures and named them?

Definition

wee animalcules

Term

Ferdinand J. Cohn

Definition
Term

Ferdinand J. Cohn

Definition

was a botanist who founded the science of Bacteriology

(the study of Bacteria).

 

 

 

*he published an early classification of bacteria, using the genus name

Bacillus

 

 

for the first time.

Term

Louis Pasteur

Definition

a French chemist who made major

contributions to chemistry and to microbiology

 

Developed vaccines : anthrax, cholera, rabies

 

 

 

demonstrated that the fermentation process is caused by the growth of

showed that some microorganisms contaminated fermenting beverage and he invented a process (“

 

pasteurization”) in which liquids such as milk were heated to

k

 

sterilizationill most bacteria and molds already present within them. (vs.

)

 

 

Term

John Needham’s experiment

Definition

the idea of spontaneous generation took hold in scientific

communities

Term

 

swan-neck

experiment  purpose??

Definition

Pasteur proving that microorganisms were present in the air

Term

Robert Koch

Definition

was the first to prove that microbes cause disease (

 

 

The Germ Theory of Disease

Term

He won the Nobel Prize for his work (1905) on tuberculosis which at that time

killed 1 out of every 7 people in the world.

Definition

Robert Koch

Term

Acid-Fast stain made by

 

 

 

Definition

Robert Koch

Term

One of the most important discoveries in

microbiology was the development by ............  of a

 

 

solid nutritional medium for isolating pure cultures

 

Definition

Robert Koch

Term

 

 

 

 

pure cultures

 

 

 

Definition
is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture media under controlled laboratory
Term

Koch's postulates

Definition
are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease
Term
pure culcutre
Definition
colony containg a single species of microorganism
Term

Martinus Beijerinck

 

Definition

Enrichment culture

 

 

 

discovered

 

viruses (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) as "soluble"

living microbes.

Isolated the first pure cultures of aerobic nitorgen-fixing,

sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria,

green algae…

Term

Enrichment culture

Definition
Term

Sergei Winogradsky

Definition

- Did work similar to Beijernick but isolated Soil nitrogen-fixing bacterium

(

 

 

Clostridium pasteurianum) and established the concept of bacterial N2 fixation

.

Term

Chemolithotrophy

Definition
the process of an organism obtaining its energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds.
Term
chemoautotroph
Definition
An organism, such as a bacterium or protozoan, that obtains its nourishment through the oxidation of organic chemical compounds as opposed to photosynthesis.
Term

 

 

 

 

Medical Microbiology

 

 

 

and Immunology

have roots with whoses work

Definition

Koch’s

Term

 

 

 

 

Agricultural Microbiology

 

 

 

and Industrial Microbiology

developed from

concepts developed by

Definition

Beijerinck and Winogradsky

Term

 

 

 

Aquatic Microbiology

 

 

 

and Marine Microbiology

developed from

Definition

Soil Microbiology

Term

 

 

 

Microbial Ecology

 

 

 

emerged in

Definition

1960s-70s

Term

Microbial Systematics

Definition

he science of grouping and classifying

microorganisms

Term

Microbial Physiology

Definition

Study of the nutrients that microbes require for

metabolism and growth and the products that they generate

Term

Microbial Cytology

Definition

Study of cellular structure

Term

Microbial Biochemistry

Definition

Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions

Term

Bacterial Genetics

Definition

Study of heredity and variation in bacteria

Term

Virology

Definition

Study of viruses

Term
phenotype
Definition
observable characteristic or trait of an organism
Term
genotype
Definition
The genetic makeup of an organism
Term

Phylogeny

 

Definition
The evolutionary development and history of a species or higher taxonomic grouping of organisms. Also called phylogenesis
Term
morphology
Definition
The branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of organisms without consideration of function.
Term
physiology
Definition
the science which deals with the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved
Term

Carl Woese

Definition

first used ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequences as a

tool for constructing phylogenetic relationships which can be

visualized on a phylogenetic tree.

Term

Comparative rRNA sequencing

has defined three distinct

lineages of cells called

 

 

domains

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bacteria

 

 

(prokaryotic)

Archaea

 

 

(prokaryotic)

Eukarya (eukaryotic

Term
prokaryotes
Definition
Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus in which DNA is housed and which lack many of the organelles found in more advanced cells
Term
Prokaryotae belong to what kingdom
Definition
kingdom Monera
Term

endosymbiosis

Definition
A mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives inside the other
Term

symbiogenesis

Definition
is the merging of two separate organisms to form a single new organism
Term

what did lynn Lynn Margulis propose

 

 

Definition

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are ancestors of specific lineages

of

 

 

Bacteria

(endosymbiosis, symbiogenesis

Term

3 Evidence for endosymbiosis

Definition

- Comparative rRNA sequencing.

- Similarity in genome sequence.

- Genomes are circular DNA.

Term

Genomes

Definition
An organism's genetic material
Term
polyphyletic
Definition
Relating to or characterized by development from more than one ancestral type
Term
replication
Definition
The process by which genetic material, a single-celled organism, or a virus reproduces or makes a copy of itself: replication of DNA
Term
transcription
Definition
The process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template resulting in the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to the messenger RNA
Term

 

 

 

Basic Characteristics

 

(Principles) of Life

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Definition

Functionality:

Life functions.

2. Adaptability:

If it has atrophied to the point of dysfunctionality,

it adapts.

 

 

3. Sustainability:

 

Term

cell is thus an

 

open system means?

Definition

take up nutrients from the environment,

transform them, and release wastes into the

environment

Term
compartmentalization
Definition
The division of a building into sections or layers whereby one can be closed off from the others
Term
translation
Definition
The process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid sequence of a growing polypeptide during protein
Term

Anabolism

Definition
The phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue
Term

Catabolism

Definition
The metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of energy.
Term
algae and plants fall under what domain?
Definition
Eukarya
Term
Protist fall under what domain?
Definition
Eukarya
Term
animal and fungi fall under what domain?
Definition

Eukarya

Term

extremophiles

Definition

Microorganisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archaea that can live and thrive in environments with extreme conditions such as high or low temperatures and pH levels, high salt concentrations, and high pressure.


Term
TWO MAIN Prokaryotes groups are the domain   ...nd ........
Definition

 

Bacteria

 

and

Archaea

 

Term
chromosome
Definition
A circular strand of DNA in bacteria that contains the hereditary information necessary for cell life.
Term

 

 

 

 

nucleoid

 

 

 

Definition
The part of a bacterium or virus that contains nucleic acid and is analogous in function to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
Term

plasmids

Definition
A circular, double-stranded unit of DNA that replicates within a cell independently of the chromosomal DNA
Term

book The Selfish Gene is by

Definition

Richard Dawkins

Term

3 xtics of Eukaryotes

Definition

 

- Have a

 

 

nucleus

and other membrane bound organelles.

- DNA is generally in the form of

 

 

linear chromosomes

(usually in pairs or

even in multiple copies).

- More than one copy of each gene is present -

 

 

diploid (2) or polyploid

(>2)

Term

Major Eukaryotic microbes

Definition

Fungi

molds, yeast, mushrooms...

Protozoa

Paramecium, Amoebae…

 

 

Algae       plants

Term

3 Cellular Microbes xtics

Definition

- Composed of cells - often single cell.

- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

- Genetic material is always

 

DNA

Term

Noncellular

Definition

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

No membranes

- No independent metabolism

- molecular parasites

- Genetic material can beeither

 

 

RNA or

DNA

Term

Bacteria don

 

t have species was said by who

Definition

Margulis

Term
continuum
Definition
A continuous extent, succession, or whole, no part of which can be distinguished from neighboring parts except by arbitrary division
Term

 

who just They just

 

pick up genes, and

throw away genes

Definition

bacteria

Term
why are different criterais used for bacterias but same used for plant,fungi and animals ?
Definition
beacuse bacterias change overnight
Term

Five Kingdoms of Life

Definition

BACTERIA (2 subkingdoms)

*ARCHAEA

*EUBACTERIA

PROTOCTISTA

ANIMALIA

FUNGI

PLANTAE

Term

Viruses

 

vs viroids

Definition

 

Virus

 

 

is nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

 

Viroid

 

 

 

 

is naked RNA (highly complementary, circular, single- stranded

RNA) that is infectious (no protein coat

 

 

 

 

 

Virus

is nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

Viroid

 

is naked RNA (highly complementary, circular, single- stranded
 

 

Term

Phototrophs

Definition
Organisms that use sunlight to synthesize organic nutrients as their energy source
Term
lithotroph
Definition
   an organism that uses an inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis ...
Term
Organotrophs
Definition
organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates
Term

Energy

where to get (ATP) from

 

 

source for microorganisms are?

Definition
chemical(chemo) and light (photo)
Term

Autotrophs

Definition
"self-feeder," and these organisms are distinguished by the fact that they do not depend on other organisms as a source of energy. Instead, they obtain energy from the Sun and carbondioxide from the atmosphere, and from these constituents they build the large organic molecules that they need to survive
Term

Heterotrophs

Definition
An organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition
Term

Eukaryotic microorganisms are collectively known

Definition

Eukaryotic microorganisms are collectively known

Term

Nucleic Acids

 

Definition

chains of

 

 

nucleotides connected by a

phosphodiester bond

Term

Proteins

Definition

chains of

 

 

amino acids connected by a

peptide bond

Term

 

 

Lipids

 

 

:

Definition
 fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone through ester bond
Term

 

 

Polysaccharides

 

 

:

Definition

 

 

 

 chains of sugars connected by a glycosidic bond

Term

DNA - stands for

Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
Term

RNA - stands for

Definition
 ribonucleic acid
Term

Cohesiveness

Definition

Each water molecule can bind up to four other water molecules by H-bond

Term

The major elements in earth crust are

Definition

O > Si > Al > Fe

Term

Carbon

Definition

tetrahedral covalent bond

 

 

 

: variety by linear, branched or cyclic backbone

Term

The major elements in life

 

 

Definition
H > O > C > N
Term

Oxygen

Definition

 

-

 

 

strong electron acceptor

(next to F and Cl) so that electron transfer to

O

 

 

2

can be used as energy yielding process

Term

Nitrogen

 

Definition

- as quaternary N, acts as an intermediate to

 

 

temporarily store the excess

Term

Phosphorus & Sulfur

 

Definition

- their bonds are unstable in water and needs lots of energy when forming

bonds with these.

- as an

 

 

energy carriers

since their hydrolysis releases high energy (ATP,

Term

Chemical Bonds are formed when the ???

Definition

total energy of the combination

has lower energy than the separated atoms.

Term

4 Chemical Interactions

Definition

Electrostatic interactions

Hydrogen bond

van der Waals forces

Hydrophobic interactions

Term

Why these non-covalent interactions are important in living systems?

Definition

1. Rapid biochemical reactions in cells (eg, enzyme-substrate)

2. Provide specific conformation for macromolecules (DNA, proteins…)

3. Stabilize molecular shape

4. Self-assembly

5. Cell-cell recognition and more.

Term

electrostatic interactions

Definition
charge to charge interaction in a molecule
Term

Microtubules are composed

of two similar proteins??

Definition

α

 

-

tubulin

 

(in blue) and β-

β

β

 

tubulin

 

tubulin

tubulin

 

(in pink)

Term

One of the

forces holding the two

proteins are

Definition

van der Waals

 

 

.

Term

The major Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane

Definition

*barrier to the cells contols nutrients moving in and out.

* helps in the trsport of protien

*conservation energy

Term

Noninformational Macromolecules

Definition

Polysaccharides

Lipids

Term

Informational Macromolecules

Definition

Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

Proteins

Term

Polysaccharides are polymers of

Definition

 

 

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

monosaccharides are bonded together by what bond

 

 

Definition

 

 

 

glycosidic bonds

Term

 functions of

Polysaccharides

Definition

 

 

 

Play important roles in

 

cell walls and as storage molecules

Term

Pentoses

Definition

(C

 

 

5

sugars): structural backbones of nucleic acids

Term

Hexoses

 

Definition

(C

6 sugars): monomeric constituents of cell wall polymers

Term

 

Glycosidic Bond

 

 

Definition

Covalent bonds linking sugars together in a polysaccharide

Term

5  Types of carbohydrates

Definition

Monosaccharide: Glucose, Fructose…

- Disaccharide: Sucrose (Glu + Fru)…

- Trisaccharide

- Oligosaccharide

- Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose

Term
Geochemical
Definition
The chemistry of the composition and alterations of the solid matter of the earth or a celestial body
Term

anaerobic

Definition
absence of atmospheric oxygen
Term

Putrefaction

 

Definition

(food spoilage)

 

Decomposition of organic matter, especially protein, by microorganisms, resulting in production of foul-smelling matter

Term
Bioremediation
Definition
 process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition
Term

Why study Microbiology?

- Microbiology revolves around two themes

Definition

1. The basic science of understanding life

 

2.The application of science to human needs

Term

The Importance of Microorganisms in human life

Definition

- Microorganisms can be both beneficial and harmful to humans.

- Emphasis typically on harmful microorganisms (infectious disease agents,

or pathogens).

- But many more microorganisms in nature are beneficial than are harmful.

- Microbes affect many aspects of our lives,

1. as Disease Agents

2. as Geochemical Agents (Agriculture)

3. in Food Industry

4. in Energy and Environmental Industry

5. in Biotechnology (as genetic resources)

Term

The Importance of Microorganisms in

 

 

Food Industry

Definition

Putrefaction

Fermentation

Term

Bioremediation

Definition

Cleaning up pollutants by microbes

Term

Deinococcus radiodurans

 

 

Definition

- The world's toughest bacterium in "The Guinness Book of World Records"

because of its extraordinary resistance to several extreme conditions such as

heat, cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid.

- And extremely resistant to radioactivity

Term

The Importance of Microorganisms in

 

 

Biotechnology

Definition

manufacturing of pharmaceuticals d. insulin

Microbiology as a Career

1. Clinical medicine

2. Research and development – pharmaceutical, chemical/biochemical,

biotechnology

3. Microbial monitoring in food and beverage industries, public health,

government

Term

Robert Hooke

 

Definition

 

 

the first person to     

 

- observed the

(reproductive structures) of molds in his

 

 

Micrographia

” in 1665.

 

fruiting bodies describe microorganisms

 first discovered microorganisms and described them in a book called Micrographia

Term

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Definition

the first person to

 

 

observe bacteria

Term

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

 

 oberveed this small creatures and named them?

Definition

wee animalcules

Term

Ferdinand J. Cohn

Definition
Term

Ferdinand J. Cohn

Definition

was a botanist who founded the science of Bacteriology

(the study of Bacteria).

 

 

 

*he published an early classification of bacteria, using the genus name

Bacillus

 

 

for the first time.

Term

Louis Pasteur

Definition

a French chemist who made major

contributions to chemistry and to microbiology

 

Developed vaccines : anthrax, cholera, rabies

 

 

 

demonstrated that the fermentation process is caused by the growth of

showed that some microorganisms contaminated fermenting beverage and he invented a process (“

 

pasteurization”) in which liquids such as milk were heated to

k

 

sterilizationill most bacteria and molds already present within them. (vs.

)

 

 

Term

John Needham’s experiment

Definition

the idea of spontaneous generation took hold in scientific

communities

Term

 

swan-neck

experiment  purpose??

Definition

Pasteur proving that microorganisms were present in the air

Term

Robert Koch

Definition

was the first to prove that microbes cause disease (

 

 

The Germ Theory of Disease

Term

He won the Nobel Prize for his work (1905) on tuberculosis which at that time

killed 1 out of every 7 people in the world.

Definition

Robert Koch

Term

Acid-Fast stain made by

 

 

 

Definition

Robert Koch

Term

One of the most important discoveries in

microbiology was the development by ............  of a

 

 

solid nutritional medium for isolating pure cultures

 

Definition

Robert Koch

Term

 

 

 

 

pure cultures

 

 

 

Definition
is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture media under controlled laboratory
Term

Koch's postulates

Definition
are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease
Term
pure culcutre
Definition
colony containg a single species of microorganism
Term

Martinus Beijerinck

 

Definition

Enrichment culture

 

 

 

discovered

 

viruses (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) as "soluble"

living microbes.

Isolated the first pure cultures of aerobic nitorgen-fixing,

sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria,

green algae…

Term

Enrichment culture

Definition
Term

Sergei Winogradsky

Definition

- Did work similar to Beijernick but isolated Soil nitrogen-fixing bacterium

(

 

 

Clostridium pasteurianum) and established the concept of bacterial N2 fixation

.

Term

Chemolithotrophy

Definition
the process of an organism obtaining its energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds.
Term
chemoautotroph
Definition
An organism, such as a bacterium or protozoan, that obtains its nourishment through the oxidation of organic chemical compounds as opposed to photosynthesis.
Term

 

 

 

 

Medical Microbiology

 

 

 

and Immunology

have roots with whoses work

Definition

Koch’s

Term

 

 

 

 

Agricultural Microbiology

 

 

 

and Industrial Microbiology

developed from

concepts developed by

Definition

Beijerinck and Winogradsky

Term

 

 

 

Aquatic Microbiology

 

 

 

and Marine Microbiology

developed from

Definition

Soil Microbiology

Term

 

 

 

Microbial Ecology

 

 

 

emerged in

Definition

1960s-70s

Term

Microbial Systematics

Definition

he science of grouping and classifying

microorganisms

Term

Microbial Physiology

Definition

Study of the nutrients that microbes require for

metabolism and growth and the products that they generate

Term

Microbial Cytology

Definition

Study of cellular structure

Term

Microbial Biochemistry

Definition

Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions

Term

Bacterial Genetics

Definition

Study of heredity and variation in bacteria

Term

Virology

Definition

Study of viruses

Term
phenotype
Definition
observable characteristic or trait of an organism
Term
genotype
Definition
The genetic makeup of an organism
Term

Phylogeny

 

Definition
The evolutionary development and history of a species or higher taxonomic grouping of organisms. Also called phylogenesis
Term
morphology
Definition
The branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of organisms without consideration of function.
Term
physiology
Definition
the science which deals with the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved
Term

Carl Woese

Definition

first used ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequences as a

tool for constructing phylogenetic relationships which can be

visualized on a phylogenetic tree.

Term

Comparative rRNA sequencing

has defined three distinct

lineages of cells called

 

 

domains

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bacteria

 

 

(prokaryotic)

Archaea

 

 

(prokaryotic)

Eukarya (eukaryotic

Term
prokaryotes
Definition
Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus in which DNA is housed and which lack many of the organelles found in more advanced cells
Term
Prokaryotae belong to what kingdom
Definition
kingdom Monera
Term

endosymbiosis

Definition
A mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives inside the other
Term

symbiogenesis

Definition
is the merging of two separate organisms to form a single new organism
Term

what did lynn Lynn Margulis propose

 

 

Definition

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are ancestors of specific lineages

of

 

 

Bacteria

(endosymbiosis, symbiogenesis

Term

3 Evidence for endosymbiosis

Definition

- Comparative rRNA sequencing.

- Similarity in genome sequence.

- Genomes are circular DNA.

Term

Genomes

Definition
An organism's genetic material
Term
polyphyletic
Definition
Relating to or characterized by development from more than one ancestral type
Term
replication
Definition
The process by which genetic material, a single-celled organism, or a virus reproduces or makes a copy of itself: replication of DNA
Term
transcription
Definition
The process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template resulting in the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to the messenger RNA
Term

 

 

 

Basic Characteristics

 

(Principles) of Life

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Definition

Functionality:

Life functions.

2. Adaptability:

If it has atrophied to the point of dysfunctionality,

it adapts.

 

 

3. Sustainability:

 

Term

cell is thus an

 

open system means?

Definition

take up nutrients from the environment,

transform them, and release wastes into the

environment

Term
compartmentalization
Definition
The division of a building into sections or layers whereby one can be closed off from the others
Term
translation
Definition
The process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid sequence of a growing polypeptide during protein
Term

Anabolism

Definition
The phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue
Term

Catabolism

Definition
The metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of energy.
Term
algae and plants fall under what domain?
Definition
Eukarya
Term
Protist fall under what domain?
Definition
Eukarya
Term
animal and fungi fall under what domain?
Definition

Eukarya

Term

extremophiles

Definition

Microorganisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archaea that can live and thrive in environments with extreme conditions such as high or low temperatures and pH levels, high salt concentrations, and high pressure.


Term
TWO MAIN Prokaryotes groups are the domain   ...nd ........
Definition

 

Bacteria

 

and

Archaea

 

Term
chromosome
Definition
A circular strand of DNA in bacteria that contains the hereditary information necessary for cell life.
Term

 

 

 

 

nucleoid

 

 

 

Definition
The part of a bacterium or virus that contains nucleic acid and is analogous in function to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
Term

plasmids

Definition
A circular, double-stranded unit of DNA that replicates within a cell independently of the chromosomal DNA
Term

book The Selfish Gene is by

Definition

Richard Dawkins

Term

3 xtics of Eukaryotes

Definition

 

- Have a

 

 

nucleus

and other membrane bound organelles.

- DNA is generally in the form of

 

 

linear chromosomes

(usually in pairs or

even in multiple copies).

- More than one copy of each gene is present -

 

 

diploid (2) or polyploid

(>2)

Term

Major Eukaryotic microbes

Definition

Fungi

molds, yeast, mushrooms...

Protozoa

Paramecium, Amoebae…

 

 

Algae       plants

Term

3 Cellular Microbes xtics

Definition

- Composed of cells - often single cell.

- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

- Genetic material is always

 

DNA

Term

Noncellular

Definition

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

No membranes

- No independent metabolism

- molecular parasites

- Genetic material can beeither

 

 

RNA or

DNA

Term

Bacteria don

 

t have species was said by who

Definition

Margulis

Term
continuum
Definition
A continuous extent, succession, or whole, no part of which can be distinguished from neighboring parts except by arbitrary division
Term

 

who just They just

 

pick up genes, and

throw away genes

Definition

bacteria

Term
why are different criterais used for bacterias but same used for plant,fungi and animals ?
Definition
beacuse bacterias change overnight
Term

Five Kingdoms of Life

Definition

BACTERIA (2 subkingdoms)

*ARCHAEA

*EUBACTERIA

PROTOCTISTA

ANIMALIA

FUNGI

PLANTAE

Term

Viruses

 

vs viroids

Definition

 

Virus

 

 

is nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

 

Viroid

 

 

 

 

is naked RNA (highly complementary, circular, single- stranded

RNA) that is infectious (no protein coat

 

 

 

 

 

Virus

is nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

Viroid

 

is naked RNA (highly complementary, circular, single- stranded
 

 

Term

Phototrophs

Definition
Organisms that use sunlight to synthesize organic nutrients as their energy source
Term
lithotroph
Definition
   an organism that uses an inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis ...
Term
Organotrophs
Definition
organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates
Term

Energy

where to get (ATP) from

 

 

source for microorganisms are?

Definition
chemical(chemo) and light (photo)
Term

Autotrophs

Definition
"self-feeder," and these organisms are distinguished by the fact that they do not depend on other organisms as a source of energy. Instead, they obtain energy from the Sun and carbondioxide from the atmosphere, and from these constituents they build the large organic molecules that they need to survive
Term

Heterotrophs

Definition
An organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition
Term

Eukaryotic microorganisms are collectively known

Definition

Eukaryotic microorganisms are collectively known

Term

Nucleic Acids

 

Definition

chains of

 

 

nucleotides connected by a

phosphodiester bond

Term

Proteins

Definition

chains of

 

 

amino acids connected by a

peptide bond

Term

 

 

Lipids

 

 

:

Definition
 fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone through ester bond
Term

 

 

Polysaccharides

 

 

:

Definition

 

 

 

 chains of sugars connected by a glycosidic bond

Term

DNA - stands for

Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
Term

RNA - stands for

Definition
 ribonucleic acid
Term

Cohesiveness

Definition

Each water molecule can bind up to four other water molecules by H-bond

Term

The major elements in earth crust are

Definition

O > Si > Al > Fe

Term

Carbon

Definition

tetrahedral covalent bond

 

 

 

: variety by linear, branched or cyclic backbone

Term

The major elements in life

 

 

Definition
H > O > C > N
Term

Oxygen

Definition

 

-

 

 

strong electron acceptor

(next to F and Cl) so that electron transfer to

O

 

 

2

can be used as energy yielding process

Term

Nitrogen

 

Definition

- as quaternary N, acts as an intermediate to

 

 

temporarily store the excess

Term

Phosphorus & Sulfur

 

Definition

- their bonds are unstable in water and needs lots of energy when forming

bonds with these.

- as an

 

 

energy carriers

since their hydrolysis releases high energy (ATP,

Term

Chemical Bonds are formed when the ???

Definition

total energy of the combination

has lower energy than the separated atoms.

Term

4 Chemical Interactions

Definition

Electrostatic interactions

Hydrogen bond

van der Waals forces

Hydrophobic interactions

Term

Why these non-covalent interactions are important in living systems?

Definition

1. Rapid biochemical reactions in cells (eg, enzyme-substrate)

2. Provide specific conformation for macromolecules (DNA, proteins…)

3. Stabilize molecular shape

4. Self-assembly

5. Cell-cell recognition and more.

Term

electrostatic interactions

Definition
charge to charge interaction in a molecule
Term

Microtubules are composed

of two similar proteins??

Definition

α

 

-

tubulin

 

(in blue) and β-

β

β

 

tubulin

 

tubulin

tubulin

 

(in pink)

Term

One of the

forces holding the two

proteins are

Definition

van der Waals

 

 

.

Term

The major Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane

Definition

*barrier to the cells contols nutrients moving in and out.

* helps in the trsport of protien

*conservation energy

Term

Noninformational Macromolecules

Definition

Polysaccharides

Lipids

Term

Informational Macromolecules

Definition

Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

Proteins

Term

Polysaccharides are polymers of

Definition

 

 

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

monosaccharides are bonded together by what bond

 

 

Definition

 

 

 

glycosidic bonds

Term

 functions of

Polysaccharides

Definition

 

 

 

Play important roles in

 

cell walls and as storage molecules

Term

Pentoses

Definition

(C

 

 

5

sugars): structural backbones of nucleic acids

Term

Hexoses

 

Definition

(C

6 sugars): monomeric constituents of cell wall polymers

Term

 

Glycosidic Bond

 

 

Definition

Covalent bonds linking sugars together in a polysaccharide

Term

5  Types of carbohydrates

Definition

Monosaccharide: Glucose, Fructose…

- Disaccharide: Sucrose (Glu + Fru)…

- Trisaccharide

- Oligosaccharide

- Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose

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