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bio
bio
98
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/14/2011

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Term
A Hypothesis 
Definition
Is a tentative explanation for a specific phenomenon 
Term
Controlled experiment 
Definition
Is two experiments that are conducted, one differing from the other by only a single variable. 
Term
One major  role of a control in an experiment is to? 
Definition
Provide a basis of comparison to the experimental group. 
Term
This is true of most living systems 
Definition
they maintain homeostatis 
Term
Nitrogen 
Definition
Is a limiting element in the human body 
Term
The five most common elements in living organisms are? 
Definition
C, H, O, Na
Term
A molecule 
Definition
Contains two or more elements bonded together 
Term
The stablity of the atom's nucleus is mostly due to the number of: 
Definition
Neutrons 
Term
A radioactive isotoe is one that?
Definition
decays 
Term
Radioactive isotopes is
Definition
the energy producted by radiactive decau can break chemical bonds and cause molecular damage in cells. 
Term
Table salt and glass are formed of?
Definition
Ionic bonds 
Term
The molecules of living organisms are typically formed of?
Definition
covalent bonds 
Term
Hydrogen bonds 
Definition
is a type of bond that acts like glue or velcro in the body 
Term
Organic compounds 
Definition
always contain carbon and are made by cells 
Term
The funcation groups of organic compounds..? 
Definition

  • They help make organic compounds soluble in water. 
  • Many biologival molecules have two or more functional groups. 
  • They help make organic compounds hydrophilic. 
  • They participate in chemical reactions. 

Term
The monomers and polymers found in living organisms are 
Definition
  • Cells typically make all of their macromolecules from a set of 40-50 common monomers and a few other ingredients that are rare.
  • The monomers used to make polymers are essentially universal.
  • Monomers serve as building blocks for polymers. 
  • DNA is built from just four kinds of monomers.
Term
sucrose is formed 
Definition
from two monosaccharides, glucose and sucrose 
Term
Molecules that taste sweet 
Definition
have a shape that fits into the taste buds for sweet taste 
Term
the storage form of carbohydrates in animals is ____________ and in plants is__________. 
Definition
glycogen....starch
Term
Scientists believe that a diet high in animal products may increase the risk for atherosclerosis. This is because? 
Definition
Most animal fats are saturated and most animal products contain high levels of triglycerides. 
Term
In salad dressings, oil quickly separates from vinegar because the fats making up the oils are..?
Definition
Nonpolar 
Term
What are some polysaccharides?
Definition
Cellulose, stach,and glycogen 
Term
Fatty acids having bonds the easily break down or spoil are: 
Definition
Unsaturated 
Term
A major type of lipid found in cell membranes is?
Definition
phospholipids 
Term
Proteins differ from one another because?
Definition
the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein. 
Term
Amino acids can be distinguished rom one another by? 
Definition
The chemical properties of their R groups 
Term
Peptide Bonds 
Definition
Link amino acids 
Term
What are some factors that can result in the denaturation or destruction of a protein?
Definition

  • Chemicals that destroy hydrogen bonds 
  • Changes in salt concentration 
  • Changes in pH 
  • Heat 

Term
The _________ structor of a protein consists of a chain of amino acids assembled in a specific order. 
Definition
Primary 
Term
Genetic information is encoded in the?
Definition
Sequence of nucleotides in DNA
Term
A new "wonder food" is being distributed by a rival company. The researchers in your company determines that the " wonder food" contains only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. At this point, your researchers can say with certanty that the food?
Definition
Does not include proteins or nucleic acids 
Term
Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule. 
Definition
Sugar 
Term
Biology Criteria? 
Definition

  1. Every definition has to be Universal in explination. 
  2. Universally acceptable (ex: metric).
  3. Measured or somehow detected! 
  4. Everything has to be physical, Rational Universe.

Term
Metaphysical 
Definition

Does not match criteria 

Example: ghosts, pain is in the mind. 

Term
Theorotical Reason 
Definition
"what is alive and what is dead" 
Term
Living things are: 
Definition

  1. Existing & serviving by using your surroundings 
  2. Made up of cells & DNA.
  3. Not all things are cells.
  4. Reproduction- to produce offspring.
  5. Each have own individual intelligence.

Term
Prions 
Definition
  • No real purpose in life, cause alltimers, no such thing a survival for them
  • These are protons which copy themselves onto others
  • When they are in the body they are hard to detect because it takes a regular part of the body and makes it go crazy.  

 

Term
Homestatus 
Definition

  • Means "being there" (is the state of internal consistency or equilibrium) wants to live! 

Term
Micheal Chriton
Definition
discovered and made a movie over prions
Term
Correlation 
Definition
Compairing things 
Term
One shot 
Definition
have to be careful at looking at one case and not look at the whole situation 
Term
Causal experiment
Definition
meaning cause and effect
Term
cause and effect
Definition
when we have evidence that one things causes another, only works in one direction, (example: someone kicking someone else, and there reaction) 
Term
Correlation Experiment 
Definition
meaning two things occur together, learn by induction= meaning gain experience ,works in both directions but doesnt tell us anything they are changeable and perscribable (example: obesity) 
Term
Induction 
Definition
Is how we see patterns or trends ( example : daily routine) 
Term
Experimental Method 
Definition
We take a correlation, make an oveservation or induction, where something occurs together, then we make a deduction ( which is a perdiction on how the correlation works ) 
Term
Problem with Correlation
Definition

It does not take everything into account, just looks at two things 

 

Term
variable 
Definition
anything that can be measured or deteected without the constraints or science ( example: health is not a measureable variable, health just means you servive in your society 
Term
Independent Variable 
Definition
Cause, what we conduct or see as the cause, have to be measured 
Term
Dependent Variable 
Definition
The effect, has to be measured
Term
When we have a independent and a dependent cariable we have to have what? 
Definition
a one-to-one 
Term
co-variables 
Definition
is anything else that can effect how an indepent variable works, anything that effect variablitly 
Term
Controlled experiment 
Definition
Means that you are showng a one-to-one variable 
Term
We are?
Definition

an organized arrangement of molecules that is homestatus (meaning we carry out homeostatus) 

-we are made up of atoms 

Term
spectrometer 
Definition

measures the atoms in space 

, the heavier the atom-the less it is in Us, the lighter the atom the higher the chance of finding it is us is. 

Term
Atoms 
Definition
in the universe there are 92 atoms that exist naturally. atoms build molecules 
Term
Living thing are made up of what % of atoms?
Definition
98% 
Term
Rocks are made up of mostly what?
Definition
O, Si, Al, Fe 
Term
All organisms use atoms that are?
Definition
small and light weight 
Term
Nucleus gives that atoms its? 
Definition
weight (mass) also gives stability (smaller are stable, big atoms fall apart) 
Term
Isotopes 
Definition
is an unstable form of an atom 
Term
Electrons 
Definition

  1. Provide shape for the molecules and atoms that we build
  2. Bonding-how you attatch atoms to eachother
  3. Provide the electricity ( we need some electorns to produce electricity

Term
Molecules: (parts)
Definition

  1. Carbon Skeleton 
  2. Functional group-(whatts a functional group is on the test) -Give the funtion to the molecule 
  3. Molecular environment 

Term
Carbon Skeleton 
Definition

  1. Organic- any molecules that are made up of carbon elements ( build living creatures) (Example: legos (different shapes together to make a different looking shape) 
  2. Shape- can provide a molecule with shape, function or purpose(carbon skeleton provides)
  3. Skeletons- may be arrange in rings 

Term
Isomers 
Definition
(iso- means equal, -mers means parts), similar organic molecules are molecules that have the same parts and look similar but have different shape & purpose 
Term
Chirol Isomers 
Definition
means mirrors (mirror image) 
Term
Functional groups 
Definition
Give function to a carbon skeleton 
Term
5 main functional groups are important in the chemistry of life: 
Definition

  1. Hydroxyi group
  2. Carbonyl group
  3. Carboxyl group
  4. Amino group
  5. Phosphate group 
These are all seen in everyday stuff

Term
Hydroxyl Group 
Definition
one major purpose, it provides a property calles polarit, which is a thing that provides an electric charge 
Term
polar-function group
Definition
gives the molecule an electric charge, anything that is polar can dissolve in water
Term
nonpolar groups 
Definition
not electricly charged, does not  dissolve in water 
Term
bonds 
Definition
are a way to attatch atoms or molecules 
Term
covalent bond 
Definition
[build your body], stronge, flexable, and stable
Term
Ionic bond
Definition
charged, bonds that sometimes form christals, used for special purpose. strong, rigid, not stable (tend to break apart) 
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
weak, temporary (allow molecules to attach to water) 
Term
hydroxyl groups are high in?
Definition
carbotydrates (suger), deadly 
Term
signals or bioactive 
Definition
tell the body to do something 
Term
carboxyl & amino 
Definition
ajust your body chemistry pH 
Term
Phosphate 
Definition
main job is to transfer energy from food to you
Term
Sulfate group 
Definition
main job is to form very tight covalent bonds. 
Term
Internal environment
Definition
means your inside 
Term
Environment ( 2 things) 
Definition
  1. Temperature- A. Vibrates molecules, B. Alture the shape of the molecule. (Denaturation) 
  2. pH-has to do with the amount of electrically charged hydrogen ion in a solution 
Term

pH scale: 

Acid 

Definition
is something that has a pH level from 0-6 -lots of hydrogen
Term

pH scale

Base & Alkaline

Definition
Is something that has a pH level from 8- 14 
Term

pH scale 

Neutral

Definition
is something that has a pH level at 7 
Term
buffers 
Definition
is a chemical a body produces to adjust the pH level
Term
salinity 
Definition

shape functional groups, has to do with how much salt (ions) is in a solution- body needs a specific amount of salt content

High-ocean (salt water) 

medium-1%

low- lake (fresh water)

Term
glycongen & starch gives the body
Definition
energy, and stores energy
Term
muscle cells and liver store 
Definition
glycogen, which readily break down into glucose subunits when cells need energy 
Term
glycogen is made up of? and stach is made up of? 
Definition
glucose (monosarcharides) and glucose 
Term
* Sucrose is made up of? 
Definition
fructose and glucose
Term
muscle glycogen 
Definition
only for the muscles, they are greedy 
Term
liver 
Definition
sole source of glucose for the brain 
Term
in men glycogen? 
Definition
could increase indurence anywhere from 2%-4% 
Term
in women glycogen?
Definition
could do nothing for their indurence, there indurence increases 0% ( dont have as much estrogen as men) 
Term
estrogen 
Definition
can be stored by not always used, like in women, women dont use there estrogen because women have to store it due to pregnacy, baby takes everything! 
Term
proteins are made up of?
Definition
amino acids, they arnt the same in each protein, they all vary in the type of amino acid and the amount of the amino acid 
Term
on average we need ______ amino acids to live
Definition
20-26
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