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BIO153
Final Exam
81
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/19/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the universal feature of plant life cycles?
Definition
Alternation of Generations.
Term
Based on plant fossils, which plant development time period is most recent?
Definition
The Rise and Diversification of Angiosperms.
Term
What is the fruiting structure of a fungus?
Definition
It is an organ of reproduction.
Term
What is pedomorphosis?
Definition
When an animal retains some of its larval/juvenile traits into its adulthood.
Term
What is the membrane in an amniotic egg used for waste storage?
Definition
Allantois.
Term
Most Cnidarians are known to produce toxins. What feature of this group most likely evolved at the same time at the development of these toxins?
Definition
The medusa body form (this produces toxins).
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Only some species are immune from extinction.
Definition
False - every species can become extinct.
Term
How do hominins differ from other anthropoids?
Definition
Their bipedal posture.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Inbreeding between different subspecies may give rise to outbreeding depression.
Definition
True.
Term
Which mollusc feature substitutes the coelom for organ development and circulation of body fluids?
Definition
Trick Question Kiddos -- Molluscs have a reduced coelom, sometimes called a hemocoel.
Term
Which adaptation is unique to arthropods among all protostomes?
Definition
The ability to move by flying.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Air sacs are a distinguishing characteristic of birds.
Definition
False - feathers, lack of certain eggs, amniotic eggs, and a lightweight skeleton are distinguishing characteristics of birds.
Term
When considering the wormlike phyla, what is the best feature to distinguish between types?
Definition
The feeding structures on the mouthparts.
Term
What group of mammals have a short gestation time and are born prematurely?
Definition
Marsupials.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Cro-Magnons are considered Homo Sapiens.
Definition
True.
Term
The presence of vestigial hip and leg bones in boas and pythons are considered evidence for what evolutionary link?
Definition
That snakes had limbed ancestors.
Term
Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which trait shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?
Definition
Endothermy (warm-blooded).
Term
This group of deuterostomes is characterized by a water vascular system and a calcium carbonate endoskeleton.
Definition
Echinoderms.
Term
How did the development of the jaw contribute to evolutionary diversification of early vertebrate lineages?
Definition
By allowing vertebrates to feed on a wider variety of food sources.
Term
How are hemichordates, urochordates and cephalochordates similar?
Definition
All have pharyngeal gill slits at some point during development.
Term
When bone first evolved in vertebrates, what structure did it first form?
Definition
An exoskeleton.
Term
This symbiotic association grows on rocks, where it begins the process of soil formation, and it is a major food source for caribou.
Definition
Lichens - cyanobacteria/algae and fungi
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Fragmentation of natural habitats by human activities creates large amounts of "edge" habitat.
Definition
True - by breaking habitats into many smaller pieces, "edges" become more abundant.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: The microclimate of habitat "edges" are similar to the habitat interiors
Definition
False - edges are subject to invasion by weedy species and are exposed to more intense sunlight and wind.
Term
You have located the first animals to have developed feathers. They are ground-dwelling ectotherms unable to fly or glide. Males do not have any feathers, but females have bright blue feathers covering their tails. Which hypothesis of feather evolution would these date most support?
Definition
Feathers initially evolved for use in courtship displays.
Term
What does "Deuterostome" mean?
Definition
"Second-mouth."
Term
TRUE/FALSE: The trend toward a sporophyte-dominated lifestyle is a major trend in land plant evolution.
Definition
True.
Term
What do all deuterostomes have in common?
Definition
All adults are bilaterally symmetrical.
Term
Lobe-finned fishes had several adaptations that were instrumental in the transition to life on land. Some of these adaptations that were important in the evolution of amphibians are: (3 things).
Definition
Primitive lungs, watertight skin, and jointed fins with muscular support.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: All mammals give live birth.
Definition
False - though live birth is most common, for example, the Platypus gives birth to eggs
Term
TRUE/FALSE: All mammals have mammary glands and three middle ear bones.
Definition
True.
Term
Name four benefits to humans for preserving biodiversity.
Definition
Pollination, water purification, flood control, lower dependence on pesticides, tourism and recreation, clean up pollutants, and plants with medicinal value (etc).
Term
TRUE/FALSE: A plant in the Galapagos Islands and Brazil has an extremely high conservation priority.
Definition
True.
Term
Which evolutionary innovation was most significant in helping tetrapods move to dry land?
Definition
Limb specialization.
Term
Which factor is the most important in a high biodiversity environment?
Definition
Ecosystem size???
Term
Placental mammals that gestate their young for a prolonged time are called?
Definition
Eutharians.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Cheetahs show low sperm counts, high juvenile mortality, inbreeding depression, and show identical genes at the MHC.
Definition
True.
Term
Would feeding on motile prey lead to a sessile lifestyle?
Definition
No...
Term
Which is true of all animals with bilateral symmetry?
Definition
They exhibit a deuterostome pattern of development.
Term
What are the filaments called that make up the multicellular fungi?
Definition
Hyphae.
Term
Which lineages make up the living amniota?
Definition
Reptilia, Aves (Birds), and Mammals.
Term
What is the difference between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria?
Definition
The presence of absence of an outer membrane (Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria BOTH have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, but Gram-positive has much more in the think outer membrane).
Term
What is double fertilization?
Definition
In plants, when one sperm nucleus combines with the egg to form a diploid zygote and the other sperm nucleus combines with two haploid nuclei of the female gametophyte.
Term
What are the sections of Echinodermata tube feet that project outside the body called?
Definition
Podia.
Term
The earliest branching lineage of animals is what?
Definition
Sponges (Porifera).
Term
TRUE/FALSE: MVP (Minimum Viable Population) size is similar for most species.
Definition
False - MVP is the estimate of the number of individuals required for a high probability of survival of a population over a given period of time - so it would not be the same for most species
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Bacteria and Archaea are the two lineages that are the most closely related.
Definition
False - Archaea and Eukarya are most similar.
Term
What is the pattern component for the theory of chemical evolution?
Definition
Increasingly complex carbon-containing molecules found early in Earth's history.
Term
What best describes ameboid motion?
Definition
Interaction between actin, myosin, and ATP.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Ecdysozoans grow by adding to body elements.
Definition
False - Lophotrochozoans grow this way.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Inbreeding results in a decrease in heterozygosity.
Definition
True.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Maternal care distinguishes primates from other mammals.
Definition
False - other mammals have prolonged maternal care as well.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Inbreeding reduces fitness in plants but not in humans.
Definition
Very false............
Term
What are endemic species?
Definition
Species found in a particular region and then nowhere else in the world.
Term
What do the fuels wood, peat, coal and ethanol have in common?
Definition
They are all formed by living or fossil plants.
Term
Bioprospectors and ethnobotanists search for plants and plant products used for medicine in native cultures. The major function of the medicinal compounds found in plants is what?
Definition
To defend itself against herbivores and microbes.
Term
Molecular phylogenies show that all land plants are a monophyletic group. What does this suggest?
Definition
There was only one single transition from aquatic to terrestrial for plants.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: The development of leaves is associated with angiosperm development.
Definition
False - only flowers, fruit, and vessel elements are associated with this
Term
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what else do they have in common?
Definition
Swimming sperm for reproduction, antheridia and archegonia for gamete production, a low and sprawling growth habit, and the ability to dessicate and rehydrate with no ill effects.
Term
As you stroll through a moist forest, what plant stage and what lineage of plant are you most likely to see?
Definition
A fern sporophyte.
Term
The fungi that we commonly know as mushrooms produce what kind of reproductive organ?
Definition
Basidia.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: You will likely see algae growing independently on rocks in meadows.
Definition
False - you will likely see independent algae as pink snow in the mountains, growing symbiotically as lichen, on moist rocks in ponds and lakes, and floating in seas and oceans.
Term
In the angiosperm lifecycle, put these events in order:

Division of diploid zygote
Pollen grain reaches a sporophyte
Fertilization
Production of a pollen tube
Definition
1. Pollen grain reaches a sporophyte
2. Production of a pollen tube
3. Fertilization
4. Division of a diploid zygote
Term
Coniferous gymnosperms rely on this kind of pollination, so the plant produces a large amount of pollen to be dispersed over a large area.
Definition
Wind pollination.
Term
Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and decomposition is what?
Definition
Bacteria participating in the nitrogen cycle.
Term
What kind of molecules act as electron acceptors during cellular respiration?
Definition
Molecules with low potential energy.
Term
Basidiomycetes are the only fungal group capable of synthesizing lignin peroxidases. What advantage does this create?
Definition
This fungal group can break down tough lignin to get to the more useful cellulose.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Animals usually have more haploid cells than diploid cells.
Definition
False.
Term
Fill in the blank: An evolutionary trend within plants is that the sporophyte generation becomes _______ and more independent of the gametophyte, and the gametophyte becomes _________ and more dependent on the sporophyte.
Definition
Larger, Smaller.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Wolves of the Isle Royale show inbreeding depression.
Definition
False.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Edge size increases as patch size decreases.
Definition
True.
Term
Name four useful economic aspects of fungi.
Definition
Used to commercially flavour foods, are edible, produce alcohol via fermentation, and can produce antibiotics.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: All introduced species become invasive species.
Definition
False - not necessarily.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Biophilia is the human desire to interact with nature.
Definition
True - and kind of creepy (and not in the textbook so don't worry, I just thought it was creepy).
Term
In a lichen, the portion of the fungus that is involved directly in the symbiosis is what?
Definition
Mycelium.
Term
TRUE/FALSE: Only deuterostomes, and not protostomes, have the ability to form a blastopore.
Definition
False - it is one of the few traits where they do not differ.
Term
The terms "coelomate" or "pseudocoelomate" or "reduced coelomate" are used to describe what?
Definition
The type of body cavity and animal has.
Term
Bilateral symmetry is primarily advantageous because it allows the development of what?
Definition
A specialized head and posterior.
Term
You have found a prokaryote that can form colonies and produces oxygen. To what lineage does it likely belong?
Definition
Cyanobacteria.
Term
What is a threatened species?
Definition
A species that is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future.
Term
Movement corridors are harmful because?
Definition
They allow for the spread of disease. However, they are also beneficial because they allow for gene flow.
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