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BIO111 - Test 2
Flashcards for Mark Johnson's BIO111 course at Georgetown College, covers chapters 6-10.
70
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/18/2010

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Term
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Definition
Prophase
Term
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Definition
Metaphase
Term
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Definition
Anaphase
Term
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Definition
Telophase
Term
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Definition
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
  Translation   Transcription
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
The breakdown of organic molecules (glucose) to CO2 and H2O
Term
Oxidation
Definition
Gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen or electrons.
Term
Reduction
Definition
Loss of oxygen, or gain of hydrogen or electrons.
Term
Equation for Cellular Respiration
Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2     ----->    6CO2 + 6H2O
Term
3 Steps of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Definition
1) Glycolysis
2) Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle
3) Electron Transport Chain
Term
End Result of Glycolysis
Definition
2ATP + 2NADH + 2Pyruvate
Term
Chemiosmosis
Definition
The use of an electron to create a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane that supplies the energy for ATP synthesis.
Term
Formula for Photosynthesis
Definition
6H2O + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
OR
12H2O + 6CO2 --> Glucose + 6O2 + 6H2
Term
Histone
Definition
Positively charged protein that DNA wraps around.
Term
Nucleosome
Definition
DNA wrapped around a group of 8 histones.
Term
Steps of Mitosis
Definition
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Term
Prophase
Definition
Chromatin condense into chromosomes, spindle microtubules form and attach to centromeres, and nuclear envelope breaks down.
Term
Metaphase
Definition
Chromosomes line up at the equator.
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Sister chromatids separate completely and move toward opposite poles.
Term
Telophase
Definition
Two daughter nuclei form, cytokinesis cuts cells apart.
Term
Stages of Cell Cycle
Definition
G1 --> S --> G2 --> Mitosis

Interphase=90%, Mitosis=10%
Term
Cancer
Definition
Uncontrolled mitosis, disease of the cell cycle. Can form a tumor and spread to other parts of the body.
Term
Metastasis
Definition
Spreading of cancer from one part of body to another.
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
Cell suicide
Term
Carcinogen
Definition
An agent that may cause cancer.
Term
Mutagen
Definition
An agent that causes mutations.
Term
Meiosis (definition)
Definition
Nuclear division process that results in the reduction of chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
Term
Chromosome 4
Definition
Carries gene for Huntington's
Term
Chromosome 1
Definition
Rh+ or Rh-
Term
Chromosome 9
Definition
ABO blood type
Term
Chromosome 7
Definition
Cystic Fibrosis
Term
Tetrad
Definition
A pair of duplicated chromosomes.
Term
Chromosome
Definition
Double stranded linear piece of DNA.
Term
Prophase I
Definition
Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments.
Term
Metaphase I
Definition
Pairs of homologous chromosomes line up.
Term
Anaphase I
Definition
Pairs of homologous chromosomes split up.
Term
Telophase I
Definition
Two haploid cells form; chromosomes are doubled.
Term
Meiosis II
Definition
Essentially the same processes as mitosis. During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate; four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes.
Term
Crossing Over
Definition
Occurs in Prophase I between non-sister chromatid.
Term
Nondisjunction
Definition
Failure of chromosomes to separate in Anaphase I or II. Results in gametes w/abnormal number of chromosomes.
Term
Down Syndrome
Definition
Due to an extra chromosome 21; usually occurs in the mother.
Term
XXX
Definition
Poly X
Term
XXY
Definition
Klinefelter Syndrome
Term
XO
Definition
Turner Syndrome
Term
Product Law of Probability
Definition
The probability of the simultaneous occurence of two independent events equals the product of the individual probabilities.
Term
Incomplete Dominance
Definition
A type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two types of homozygotes.
Term
Codominance
Definition
Heterozygote is mixture of the two homozygotes.
Term
Blood type A
Definition
IAIA or IAi
Term
Blood Type B
Definition
IBIB or IBi
Term
Blood Type AB
Definition
IAIB
Term
Blood Type O
Definition
ii
Term
Pleiotropy
Definition
The impact of a single gene on more than one characteristic.
Term
Polygenic Inheritance
Definition
A trait or characteristic is determined by several pairs of genes.
Term
Antigen
Definition
A molecule that is recognized as foreign by a vertebrate animal and elicits antibody productions.
Term
DNA Polymerase
Definition
Enzyme in replication.
Term
Semiconservative Replication
Definition
Each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand.
Term
DNA Replication
Definition
Occurs in S phase of interphase.
Term
Transcription
Definition
RNA polymerase is key enzyme, occurs in the nucleus.
Term
Codon
Definition
A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination sequence (stop codon).
Term
Three Phases of Translation
Definition
1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination
Term
Point Mutation
Definition
One nucleotide changed for another.
Term
Missense Mutation
Definition
Type of point mutation. Change in DNA that results in a different amino acid.
Term
Samesense Mutation
Definition
Type of point mutation. Change in DNA base that results in the same amino acid.
Term
Nonsense Mutation
Definition
Change in DNA base that results in codon for amino acid changing to a stop codon.
Term
Frameshift Mutation
Definition
Insertion or deletion of a base.
Term
Virus
Definition
Acellular infectious agents that consist of nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat (capsid).
Term
Phage
Definition
A bacterial virus.
Term
Virulet Phage
Definition
Cause lysis of the host bacterial cell.
Term
Lambda Phage
Definition
Sometimes causes lysis, but usually injects DNA. Phage DNA is then inserted into host DNA.
Term
Prions
Definition
Infectious protein particles.
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