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Bio Test
Bio test flashcards
90
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/25/2013

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Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition

a series of 

oxygen-dependent reactions by 

which cells use the energy in 

organic molecules to make ATP

Term
Redox Reactions
Definition

involve electron 

donors (reducers) and electron 

acceptors (oxidizers)

Term
Reduction
Definition

When Substances accept electrons and

become more negative

Term
Oxidation
Definition

When Substances lose electrons and 

become more positive

Term
Oxidizer
Definition
is reduced in the redox reaction
Term
Reducer
Definition
is oxidized in the redox reaction
Term
Glycolysis
Definition

occurs in the cytoplasm… involves 

splitting glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

Term
Citric Acid Cycle
Definition

Occurs in the mitochondrial 

matrix and completes degradation of glucose into CO2

Term
Electron Transport Chain
Definition

Occurs on proteins 

embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane… Uses 

transport of electrons from NADH to oxygen to make 

ATP

Term
Anaerobic Respiration
Definition
espiration without oxygen; the process uses a respiratory electron transport chain but does not use oxygen as the electron acceptors.
Term
Lactic Acid
Definition
a chemical compound that plays a role in various biochemical processes
Term
Chloroplast
Definition
light absorbing organelles
Term
chlorophyll
Definition

 Light absorbing molecule (pigment) in the chloroplasts 

that play an important role in photosynthesis

Term
stroma
Definition

 A thick fluid found within the inner membrane of the 

chloroplast

Term
stomata
Definition

Tiny pores in leaves that allow CO2

to enter and O2

to exit

Term
thylakoid
Definition

Interconnected membranous sacs suspended within the 

stroma

Term
Grana
Definition
Stacks of thylakoids
Term
Light Reactions
Definition

the absorption of 

light energy by chlorophyll in the 

thylakoid membrane where it is 

converted to chemical energy

Term
Calvin Cycle
Definition

involves using the 

products of the light reactions to 

make sugar from CO2

Term
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Definition

Photosynthesis uses red-orange and blue-violet 

wave lengths of light. It does not use green light.

Term
photon
Definition

a discrete packet of 

light energy

Term
Photosystem
Definition

 an aggregate of pigments in the thylakoid membrane composed 

of several hundred molecules

Term
Reaction Center
Definition

When a photon strikes one of the pigment molecules, the energy jumps around 

from molecule to molecule until it arrives at the 

Term
Primary Electron
Definition

The reaction center consists of chlorophyll a molecules that sit next to another 

molecule called the

Term
Chromosome Complement
Definition

The complete set of 

chromosomes in a cell or organism. Each species has 

a characteristic number; however, this number varies 

widely across species

Term
Somatic Cell
Definition

Non-germ cells. Typically contain two 

sets of chromosomes (one derived from mom & one 

derived from dad) and are therefore diploid

Term
Gamete
Definition

Sex cells such as sperm and egg. Contain 

only one member of each of the pairs of chromosomes 

found in somatic cells and are therefore haploid

Term
Mitosis
Definition

The primary functions are growth, 

cell replacement, and asexual reproduction

Term
Prophase
Definition
Chromosomes condense. Each chromosome contains 2 chromatids
Term
Metaphase
Definition
Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Sister chromatids seperate and move towards opposite poles
Term
Telophase
Definition
Chromosomes arrive at spinde poles
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition

The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane following the division of the nucleus resulting into two cells, each having its own nucleus and cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma cytoplasm.

 
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
programmed cell death, a naturally occurring process in the body.
Term
Oncogenes
Definition
a gene that, when mutated or expressed at high levels, helps turn a normal cell into a tumor cell.
Term
Tumor-Surpressor Genes
Definition
genes that regulate the growth of cells.
Term
Reduction Division
Definition
cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; 
Term
Equatorial Division
Definition
The division of each chromosome during the metaphase of mitosis or meiosis into two equal, longitudinal halves which are then incorporated into separate duaghter nuclei.
Term
Recombination
Definition
the production of new combinations of allels, encoding a novel set of genetic information,
Term
Haploid
Definition
The number of chromosomes in a gamete of an organism, symbolized by n.
Term
Diploid
Definition
A cell or an organism consisting of two sets of chromosomes: usually, one set from the mother and another set from the father.
Term
Trisomy
Definition

Diploid with an extra copy of a particular 

chromosome

Term
Gene
Definition
A hereditary determinant of a trait
Term
Allele
Definition
Different forms of a gene
Term
Phenotype
Definition

The observable properties of an 

organism

Term
Genotype
Definition

The genetic constitution of an 

organism or cell

Term
Homozygous
Definition

An organism that carries two copies 

of the same allele for a given gene (WW or ww)

Term
Heterozygous
Definition

An organism that carries different 

alleles for a given gene (Ww)

Term
Dominant
Definition

A trait that is phenotypically

expressed when the genotype is either heterozygous 

or homozygous (example = round seed)

Term
Recessive
Definition

A trait that is phenotypically

expressed only when the genotype is homozygous 

(example = wrinkled seed)

Term
Gregor Mendel
Definition

Austrian-Hungarian monk who 

conducted pioneering studies between 1856-1863 on 

the common garden pea, Pisum sativum, that laid the 

foundation for modern genetics.

Term
Transmission Genetics
Definition

The study of inheritance patterns from 

generation to generation.

Term
Blending Inheritance
Definition

Common view during 

Mendel’s time in which the traits of parents were 

thought to be “mixed” in offspring. 

Term
True-Breeding
Definition

Plants that produce only offspring 

like themselves, with respect to a given trait, when 

allowed to self-fertilize

Term
Law of Segregation
Definition
Follow the long chromosomes taking either the left or right branch
Term
Law of Independent assortment
Definition
Follow both the long and short chromosomes
Term
Test Cross
Definition

A cross between an organism with a 

dominant phenotype and an organism with a recessive 

phenotype (and therefore known genotype)

Term
Hunington's Disease
Definition

a progressive neural degeneration, usually 

beginning about middle age, that results in severe physical and 

mental disability and ultimately in death

Term
Hybrid
Definition

The offspring that result from a cross 

between varieties that differ in one or more traits

Term
Monohybrid
Definition

: Crosses in which parental varieties 

differ in one trait of interest

Term
Dihybrid
Definition

Crosses in which parental varieties differ 

in two traits of interest.

Term
Complex Inheritance
Definition

 are determined by 

multiple genetic and environmental factors

Term
Genetic Architecture
Definition

specific effects and combined interactions of 

all genetic and environmental factors that 

contribute to the phenotypic value of the trait

Term
Genetic Map
Definition

diagrams of the relative, linear orders of genes along 

chromosomes.

Term
Locus
Definition
Each position on a genetic map is called a
Term
Sex-Linked Traits
Definition
Color Blindness
Term
Color Blindness
Definition

The genes that control the trait are found on the X 

chromosome and these genes are not present on the Y 

chromosome

Term
Nucleoside
Definition
Sugar + base
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
Sugar + base + phosphate
Term
Phosphodiester Bond
Definition

Adjacent nucleotides are linked 

by

Term
Hydrogen Bonding
Definition

Physical mechanism 

for base-pairing 

Term
Watson and Crick
Definition

Discovery of the structure of DNA is largely 

credited to

Term
Maurice Wilkins
Definition

- Empirical work using X-ray diffraction

– 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology & Medicine

Term
DNA polymerase
Definition

Nucleotide monomers are added 

one by one to the end of a 

growing strand by

Term
Replication Origin
Definition

The position along a DNA 

molecule at which replication begins

Term
Replication Fork
Definition

The region along a DNA 

molecule at which the parental strands are 

separating and new strands are being 

synthesized

Term
Initiation
Definition

The process of generating a new 

replication fork

Term
Theta Replication
Definition

• A common mechanism of replication in circular 

genomes

Term
Leading Strand
Definition

one daughter strand that is oriented 

with its 3’ end pointing toward the replication fork

Term
Lagging Strand
Definition

the 

other daughter strand is oriented with 

its 3’ end pointing away from the replication fork

Term
Okazaki Fragments
Definition

The solution to this problem is to synthesize the lagging 

strand in small sections

Term
Virus
Definition

 hijack the host’s cellular 

machinery and use that machinery to make 

additional viral particles

Term
Bacteriophage
Definition

Typically bind to the outside of a 

bacterium and inject DNA particle 

into the cell

Term
RNA Virus
Definition
HIV is a special type of this also known as a retrovirus
Term
Retrovirus
Definition

a virus with an 

RNA genome

Term
Reverse Transcriptase
Definition

Retroviruses are so named because their genomes encode 

an enzyme known as r

Term
Inversion
Definition

Chromosome or section of a chromosome in which 

the order of genes is reversed from the normal order

Term
Duplication
Definition

Chromosome with more than one copy of a 

particular region

Term
Deletion
Definition
Chromosome with a missing portion
Term
Translocation
Definition

Aberrant chromosome that results from 

interchange (i.e., recombination) between non-homologous 

chromosomes 

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