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BIO Test 4
Biology Test 4
134
Biology
Undergraduate 2
11/27/2016

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Term
All mammals reproduce _______
Definition
sexually
Term
Binary fission
Definition
looks like mitosis where the organism splits in half to create a complete other, identical organism
Term
Budding
Definition
small, identical organisms grow off the parent
Term
Fragmentation or Regeneration
Definition
Where the parents splits into several fragments which each grow into identical organisms
Term
Echinoderms have the ability to completely regenerate a whole individual from _________
Definition
a single arm
Term
Parthenogenesis
Definition
a form of asexual reproduction where growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization
Term
Animals capable of parthenogenesis
Definition
lizard & Komodo dragons, sharks, amphibians, and birds, bdelloid rotifers
Term
Up to ____% of all domestic turkey eggs are parthenogenic, but all are _______ because
Definition
30, male because in birds the female is heterozygous for sex
Term
Adavantageous alleles can appear in a single individual much more quickly in a ________ population that depends on sequential mutation
Definition
Sexual
Term
A polar body is a
Definition
small haploid cell that is formed concomiitantly as an egg cell during oogenesis but which generally does not have the ability to be fertilized.
An egg cell that does not get enough cytoplasm and typically dies, but in some cases don't
Term
Most crucial difference between mammalian cleavage and all other types is __________
Definition
compaction
Term
Compaction
Definition
When blastomeres form a loose ring through the 8 cell phase, but after the 3rd cleavage, they compact and get very close and make a ball
Term
Differentiation
Definition
when the cells of the compacted 8-cell embryo divide to produce a 16-cell morula
Term
Morula
Definition
consists of a small group of internal cells surrounded by a larger group of external cells
Term
The group of external cells of the morula become the ________ or ___________ cells
Definition
trophoblast or trophectoderm
Term
trophoblast cells do not produce _________ but make up the _______, the embryonic portion of the placenta
Definition
embryonic structures, chorion
Term
The chorion enables the fetus to__________
Definition
get oxygen and nutrients from the mother and produces hormones that tell the uterus to keep the embryo and regulators that tell the body not to reject the embryo
Term
Cavitation
Definition
the process by which the trophoblast cells secrete fluid into the morula to create a blastocoel resulting in a blastocyst
Term
blastocyst
Definition
an early stage in embryo development
Term
cooperative interactions between the trophoblast cells and the maternal cells form the __________
Definition
placenta
Term
Is the venous system of the fetus directly connected to that of the mother?
Definition
No
Term
At birth, the average placenta weighs
Definition
1.5lbs
Term
Oxygen moves through the body by __________, going from areas of high concentration to low concentration
Definition
diffusion
Term
When inside the womb, a baby gets oxygen through the _________.
Definition
placenta
Term
How does the baby get oxygen from the mother is their blood systems are not connected?
Definition
the mother's blood is brought between the chronic villi and the baby's blood is brought here via the umbilical cord. The arteries and veins never touch, but blood is deposited and taken within
Term
How does the fetal blood system "take" oxygen from maternal blood cells?
Definition
Fetal blood cells are better at soaking up oxygen than are maternal cells
Term
Gene duplication and divergence
Definition
a major source of genetic variability on which selection can act. Can result in partial loss of gene function, degeneration, or give rise to modified or new functions
Term
subfunctionalization
Definition
partial loss of gene function
Term
pseudogenes
Definition
degeneration
Term
neofunctionalization
Definition
modified or new functions
Term
The ________________ represents a classic example of how gene duplication and divergence can lead to new functions over evolutionary history
Definition
Globin gene family
Term
Myoglobin is only found in the blood after
Definition
a muscle injury
Term
Monotremes
Definition
egg laying mammals with fur and mammary glands
thought to be earliest mammals
Term
Stem cells can
Definition
divide and make identical copies of themselves (self renewal)
remain unspecialized with no "specific" function
or be specialized (differentiated) with the potential to produce over 200 different types of cells in the body
Term
Pluripotent stem cells can
Definition
differentiate into every type of cell in the body
Term
Totipotent stem cell
Definition
each cell can develop into a new individual
example: cells from 1-3 day old embryos
Term
Pluripotent stem cell
Definition
cells can form any cell type (over 200)
example: some cells of a blastocyst (5-14 day old embryo)
Term
Multipotent
Definition
cells differentiated but can form a number of other tissues
example: fetal tissue, cord blood, and adult stem cells
Term
Embryonic stem cells
Definition
harvested from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst 7-10 days after fertilization
Term
Fetal stem cells
Definition
umbilical cord blood contains stem cells similar to those found in bone marrow
Term
Placenta derived stem cells
Definition
up to 10 times as many stem cells can be harvested from a placenta as from cord blood
Term
Adult stem cells
Definition
many adult tissues contain stem cells that can be isolated
Term
Places adult stem cells can be found
Definition
blood, bone marrow, liver, kidney, cornea, dental pulp, umbilical cord, brain, skin, muscles, salivary glands, etc.
Term
Why is stem cell research so important?
Definition
allows us to study how organisms grow and develop over time
can replace diseased or damaged cells that cannot heal or renew themselves
we can test different substances on stem cells
better understanding of our "genetic machinery"
Term
Is it better to test drugs on patients or stem cells?
Definition
Stem cells so that if the cells respond poorly, it will not affect the whole patient
Term
By day _____ the cells of the blastocyst have differentiated into the trophoblast (which gives rise to the _________) and the inner mass cells (which gives rise to the _________)
Definition
5, placenta, fetus
Term
Studies have found that ____-______% of fertilized eggs are lost before or during the process of implantation
Definition
50-90
Term
About ______-______% of known pregnancies end in miscarriage and more than _____% of these losses happen before 12 weeks
Definition
10-20, 80
Term
Between _____-______% of 1st trimester miscarriages are thought to be random events caused by chromosomal abnormalities in the fertilized egg
Definition
50-70
Term
Molecules are exchanged between different bodily systems by
Definition
diffusion
Term
Diffusion
Definition
movement from high concentration to low concentration
Term
Set-point
Definition
the target call of a controlled variable that is maintained physiologically by bodily control mechanisms for homeostasis

the ideal normal value of a variable
Term
Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a ____________ of values
Definition
normal range
Term
The three function components to a homeostatic control system
Definition
a receptor--thermometer
a control center--thermostat
an effector--heater
Term
Positive feedback loop is a _________ loop
Definition
reinforcing
results in the increasing level of one output which increases the second output which increases the first output
Term
Negative feedback loop is a _________ loop
Definition
diminishing
results in the increasing level of one output which decreases the second output which decreases the first output
Term
Would the human population be considered a positive or negative feedback loop or neither?
Definition
positive loop

the more people are born, the more the population grows, the more the population grows, the more people there are to have babies
Term
What are some homeostasis examples in animal systems?
Definition
temperature
glucose
blood pressure
pH
water
calcium
oxygen
toxin levels
Term
systolic blood pressure
Definition
the pressure your heart exerts when it beats
Term
diastolic blood pressure
Definition
your blood pressure when your heart is in between beats
Term
The thermal conductivity of fat tissue is roughly ______ that of muscle, ____% that of dermal tissue and about the same as ________ tisue
Definition
half, 75, epidermal
Term
Adipose tissues are
Definition
fat
Term
A woman can have anywhere from _____%-_______% more fat than a man
Definition
25-100
Term
Basal Metabolic rate (BMR)
Definition
the metabolic rate measured with the subject awake in the morning, fasting, at neutral ambient temperature and resting horizontally in the respiratory steady state
Measured in Watts/m2 of body surface area
Term
BMR _______ in both genders with age.
Definition
decreases
Term
Males typically have ________ BMR than women of the same day
Definition
higher
Term
Body Surface Area is estimated with the formula:
Definition
BSA (in cmsquared)= Weight (in kg)(raised to .425)x height (in cm)(raised to the .725)x 71.84
Term
Metabolism of a person
Definition
the sum of all chemical reactions in which energy is made available and consumed in the body
Term
Exercise can increase metabolic rate from resting at ________ to _________ with walking, dancing, or sex and __________ with long distance running
Definition
70, 700, 1400
Term
Heterotherms
Definition
Body temperature varies depending on environment
Term
Homeotherms
Definition
maintain constant body temperatures despite environmental fluctuations
Term
Endotherms
Definition
energy comes from internal mechanisms
Term
Ectotherms
Definition
energy comes from external sources
Term
heat stroke
Definition
marked by fever and unconsciousness
caused by the body failing to regulate temperature when exposed to excessively high heat
Term
Most mammals and birds have ______ for sensors and ______, _____, and ________ for effectors
Definition
nerves; muscles, skin, vessels
Term
Why do we shiver when we have a fever?
Definition
When we have a fever, our set point for temperature is raised. This causes the body temperature to rise, but the patient feels cold until the new set point is reached
Term
Shivering activates _________ to convert chemical energy directly to heat
Definition
brown fat
Term
Shivering is the early response to
Definition
hypothermia
Term
Potential benefits to a fever below 104
Definition
fights infection, slows bacteria & viruses, raises white blood cell soldiers, raises acute phase response, quick recovery, protects the body
Term
What mitochondria use to produce energy
Definition
glucose and its breakdown products
Term
Efficiency of a mitochondria producing energy
Definition
52% ATP 48% heat
Term
Brown fat mitochondria only produce
Definition
heat
Term
Brown fat can be found in/around
Definition
the neck, clavicle, vertebrae
Term
White fat can be found in/around
Definition
the thighs, butt, gonads, hips, back, inner cavities, lower abdomen, breasts
Term
Sweat glands
Definition
small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat
Term
Types of sweat glands
Definition
eccrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands
Term
Eccrine sweat glands
Definition
distributed almost all over the body
water based secretion
primary form in cooling humans
Term
Apocrine sweat glands
Definition
mostly limited to armpits and perianal areas
not very good in humans but only sweat glands in hoofed animals
Term
Modified apocrine sweat glands
Definition
ceruminous glands (make ear wax), mammary glands, ciliary glands (In eye lids)
Term
Women have ___________ sweat glands than men
Definition
more
Term
Difference between antiperspirants and deodorants
Definition
Deodorant kills bacteria in apocrine sweat while antiperspirants stop up eccrine sweat glands with aluminum compounds
Term
Why are humans relatively hairless compared to other primates?
Definition
When we started wearing clothes, hair became a disadvantage; humans prefer mates with less body hair; being able to sweat gave our ancestors some sort of selective advantage
Term
The three systems which glucose metabolism uses
Definition
digestive, circulatory, excretory
Term
Forms of glucose
Definition
starch, glycogen, simple & complex sugars
Term
Usable/Storable form of glucose
Where it is stored
Definition
glycogen, liver
Term
Homeostatic receptor for glucose
Definition
pancreas
Term
Homeostatic control center for glucose
Definition
pancreas
Term
Homeostatic effector for glucose
Definition
liver
Term
Maintenance of blood sugar levels is mostly dependent on ___________ specifically _________ and _________
Definition
hormones; glucagon and insulin
Term
Beta cells sense when blood sugar is ________ and produce _________
Definition
high, insulin
Term
Alpha cells sense when blood sugar is ______ and release
Definition
low, glucogon
Term
How does the liver help control blood sugar?
Definition
when stimulated by insulin, it converts blood glucose into glycogen. when stimulated by glucogon, it will break down glycogen into glucose and release it not the blood
Term
Diabetes refers to
Definition
a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose levels, either because insulin production is inadequate or because the body's cells do not response to insulin, or both
Term
Diabetes onset
Definition
Type 1- sudden
Type 2- gradual
Term
Age of onset of diabetes
Definition
Type 1- any age, but mostly young
Type 2- mostly in adults
Term
Body habitus of diabetes patients
Definition
Type 1- thin or normal
Type 2- often obese
Term
Autoantibodies presence in diabetes patients
Definition
Type 1- usually present
Type 2- absent
Term
Endogenous insulin in diabetes patients
Definition
Type 1- low or absent
Type 2- normal, decreased, or increased
Term
Prevalence of diabetes types
Definition
Type 1- less prevalent
Type 2- more prevalent at 90-95% of US diabetics
Term
Type 1 diabetes info
Definition
5-10% of people with diabetes
body's immune system destroys the cells that release insulin eventually eliminating insulin production
Term
Type 2 diabetes info
Definition
can develop at any age
the body isn't able to use insulin the right way (insulin resistance)
as it gets worse, the pancreas produces less and less insulin (insulin deficiency)
Term
Experiment that Frederick Banting & Charles Best did in 1921
Definition
They removed the pancreas from dogs and induced diabetes and then removed fluid from the Islets of Langerhans from healthy dogs to restore normality. They later perfected isolation of insulin from dead cow pancreases
Term
Eli Lilly met with researchers in 1922 to
Definition
mass-produce insulin
Term
Bovine insulin differs from human by only __ amino acids
Porcine insulin differs by only ___ amino acids
Definition
3,1
Term
Most problematic thing about diabetes management
Definition
the body is constantly going from blood glucose that is too high to too low instead of staying close to the set point
Term
Renal Glucose reabsorption
Definition
filtered glucose is recovered preventing it from leaving the body via urine
Term
the presence of glucose in urine is a condition called
Definition
glucosuria
Term
sodium-glucose linked transporter
Definition
a family of glucose transporter found in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine and the proximal tubule of the nephron.
they contribute to renal glucose reabsorption
Term
KNOW THE PARTS OF THE NEPHRON IN A DIAGRAM
Definition
KIDNEYS PPT
Term
Nerve net
Definition
interconnected nerve cells
Term
Nerves
Definition
multiple nerve cells bundled together
Term
Central nervous system
Definition
brain & spinal cord
Term
Peripheral nervous system
Definition
cranial nerves, ganglia, spinal nerves
Term
5 groups of neurotransmitters
Definition
acetylcholine, amino acids, biogenic amines, neuropeptides, gases
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
muscle stimulation, memory formation, learning
Term
amino acids
Definition
long-term memory
Term
biogenic amines
Definition
sleep, mood, attention, learning
used for nervous system disorders and treatments
Term
neuropeptides
Definition
pain reception
Term
Gases
Definition
nitric oxide (local regulators)
carbon monoxide (hypothalmic hormone release, intestine smooth muscle plasma membrane hyper polarization)
Term
How does nicotine effect the nervous system?
Definition
it blocks acetylcholine receptors
Term
Who was the first person to use insulin on humans?
Definition
Sir Frederick Grant Banting
Term
Neurotransmitter molecules are released from the __________ and received by the receptors on the _____________
Definition
axon terminal; dendrites
Term
Membrane potential
Definition
the charge difference, or voltage, between the inside and outside of the axon
Term
resting potential of an axon
Definition
between -60 and -80mV
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