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Bio test #3
Biology
22
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/19/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
G1 phase
Definition
The part of the cell cycle where there is a "gap". cell grows and functions, makes more cytoplasm, and more organelles.
Term
S phase
Definition
cell replicates(synthesizes) an additional copy of all nuclear DNA
Term
G2 phase
Definition
cell grows and functions, makes more cytoplasm and more organelles.
Term
M phase (mitosis)
Definition
cell divides through the process of mitosis, which produces two gentically identical daughter cells. It is the division of the nucleus and the genetic material.
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
chromosomes are DNA+histone proteins. The DNA is coiled around the histone protein and fits into a tight formation which is a chromosome.
Term
centromere
Definition
The center of a chromosome
Term
Interphase
Definition
Consists of G1 S and G2 stages. The 4 unreplicated chromosomes become replicated and consist of two sister chromatids.
Term
Cleavage furrow
Definition
The point of which the animal cells begin to pinch off. This occurs during the cytokinesis in animals,fungi, and slime molds. occurs when a ring of actin and myosin filaments contracts inside the cell membrane, causing it to pinch inward.
Term
cytokinesis in animals
Definition
occurs when a ring of actin and myosin filaments contracts inside the cell membrane, causing it to pinch inward in a cleavage furrow.
Term
cytokinesis in plants
Definition
occurs as vesicles are trasported from the Golgi apparatus to the middle of the dividing cell. These vesicles fuse to form a cell plate.
Term
Cell plate
Definition
The point in the middle of the plant cell where all of the vesicles fuse together.
Term

Spindle apparatus

Definition

A structure that forms during mitosis that produces mechanical forces that:

  • Pull chromosomes to the poles of the cell
  • Push the poles of the cell away from each otherĀ 

It is made of-Polar microtubules and Kinetochore microtubules

Term
MTOC
Definition
All eukaryotic cells have a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) at each pole- in animals cells, these are called centrosomes.
Term
Kinetochore microtubules
Definition
remain stationary during anaphase; they shorten because tubulin subunits of the microtubles are lost from their plus ends at the kinetochore.
Term
Dyneins and other Kinetochore motor proteins
Definition
are attached to the kinetochore's fibrous crown and "walk" toward the minus end of the spindle fiber.
Term

Eukaryotic

Mtoc in animals

Definition

Centrioles

+

Microtubules

=

Centrosomes that build

=

Spindle apparatus

Term

Eukaryotic

MTOC in plant cells

Definition

Microtubules that build

=

Spindle apparatus

Term
Prophase
Definition
Chromosomes condense, and spindle apparatus begins to form.
Term
Prometaphase
Definition
Nuclear envelope breaks down Kinetochore microtubles contract chromosomes at kinetochore.
Term
Metaphase
Definition
Chromosomes complete migration to the middle of the cell
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Sister chromatids separate. Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
Term
Telophase
Definition
The nuclear envelope re-forms and the spindle apparatus disintegrates.
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