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Bio Test One (2)
Random memorizing
103
Biology
Undergraduate 1
01/27/2012

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Term
4.6
Definition
Sun and planets formed
Term
4.6-3.9 BYA
Definition
Meterotic bombardment and heavy volcanic activity
Term
3.9 BYA
Definition
Reducing atmosphere
Term
What are the two types of protobionts
Definition
coacervates and liposomes
Term
~3.5 BYA
Definition
the first cells appeared.
Term
3.6 BYA
Definition
the first prokaryotes
Term
When did stromatolites appear?
Definition
3.5 BYA
Term
1.5 BYA
Definition
From single to nulticullular eukaryote
Term
When did the cambrian explosion occur?
Definition
the beginning of the paleozoic
Term
Mesozoic
Definition
age of reptiles
Term
Cenozoic
Definition
Age of mammals
Term
How many mass extinctions were there
Definition
5
Term
Where did the last major extinction occur?
Definition
Between mesozoic and cenozoic
Term
what is the flow of the Earth geographic flow
Definition
Pangae --> Gondwana --> Laurasia --> how we know it
Term
What time period is pangae
Definition
Paleozoic
Term
what time period is Gondwana
Definition
mesozoic
Term
What time period is Laurasia
Definition
Mesozoic
Term
2BYA
Definition
Eukaryotes
Term
what is evolving?
Definition
populations
Term
What evolutionary mechanism can give you an adaptations?
Definition
selection
Term
what must exist for selection to uccur?
Definition
Heritable variation in survival and reproductive success
Term
Modes of selection: stabilizing
Definition
Favors intermediate variants, the two ends are decreased
Term
Modes of selection: Disruptive
Definition
Favors individuals at both extremes instead of the people in the middle
Term
Modes of selection: directional
Definition
conditions favor one extreme of a phenotypic range, which will shift a population's frequency curve in one direction or another
Term
What is the most important form of genetic variation
Definition
mutation
Term
What five things does genetic variation come from?
Definition
mutation, substitution, insertion/deletion, meiosis, random fertilization
Term
To achieve an increase in biodiversity you need three things:
Definition
a new breeding population, reduced gene flow between new and original population and time
Term
Adaptive radiation
Definition
rapid species diversification from single common ancestor
Term
What are the prezygotic barriers?
Definition
They impede fertilization
Term
Habitat isolation
Definition
Two species just dont come in contact with one another
Term
Temporal Isolation
Definition
They mate during different seasons
Term
Behavioral isolation
Definition
specific mating patterns (bird calls, etc) are different so they dont get attracted to the other one
Term
Mechanical isolation
Definition
post mating pre-zygotic: their parts dont fit
Term
Gametic isolation
Definition
Mating happens but fertilization fails
Term
Reduced hybrid viability
Definition
offspring makes it but they dont make it to reproductive age
Term
Reduced hybrid fertility
Definition
can make it to reproductive age but they have reduced hybrid fertility
Term
Hybrid Breakdown
Definition
two species offspring makes it but the next generation the alleles start to shift and break down
Term
Patterns of speciation: allopatric
Definition
geographic separation restricts gene flow
Term
Patterns of speciation: sympatric
Definition
biological factors reduce gene flow
Term
Anagenesis
Definition
gradual transition from one species to another
Term
Cladogenesis
Definition
Branching of one or more new species from a parent species
Term
Microevolution
Definition
the process of evolution withing a population
Term
macroevolution
Definition
the pattern of evolution
Term
systematics
Definition
study of biological diversity and its origins
Term
what are phylogenetic trees?
Definition
a pattern of lineage branching that represents the evolutionary history of different organisms
Term
exant species
Definition
not extinct
Term
synapomorphy
Definition
shared derived character
Term
igneous rock
Definition
provides absolute age
only one that can be determined using radiometric analysis
Term
sedimentary rock
Definition
provides relative age
sediments deposited in aged layers [most fossils]
Term
Metamorphic rock
Definition
often not useful
Term
Index fossils
Definition
fossils that had a brief existence in geologic time and a wide geographic distribution: used for correlational analysis
Term
magnetism
Definition
iron in lava aligns with along magnetic force as lava cools - Earth flips its magnetic poles
Term
morphology
Definition
can use morphology of exant organisms to figure out evolutionary history
Term
What is the best way to determine the evolutionary patterns?
Definition
molecular/genetic data-you can look at the genetic code for matching codes
Term
Synapomorphies can be obtained from the following data:
Definition
fossil record, morphology, molecular/genetic data/behavior/ecological
Term
opposite of homology
Definition
is analogy
Term
analogous traits
Definition
similar looking traits that evolved independently and were NOT derived from a common ancestor (AKA homoplasy i.e. homoplasious traits)
Term
homoplasty
Definition
Structures that appear similar but do not share a common evolutionary origin [aka analogous traits]
Term
homology
Definition
structures that have shared evolutionary origin
Term
homoplasy is due to
Definition
convergent evolution
Term
What is convergent evolution?
Definition
two or more distinct species independently evolve similar traits. results from similar enviro challenges
Term
orger of the classification system
Definition
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom
Term
binomial
Definition
official species name comprised of the genus (less inclusive) and species (more inclusive)
Term
outgroup
Definition
serves as a reference to help determine the evolutionary relationships
Term
What do plesiomorphoic traits help us to identify?
Definition
synapomorphies
Term
plesiomorphy
Definition
shared ancestral traits: in other words: every organism in the group has this trait EVERYONE--even if not related
Term
what is a clade?
Definition
a monophyletic--a group consisting of an ancestor and ALL its descendants
Term
Paraphyletic
Definition
group consisting of an ancestor and MOST descendents
Term
the rule of parsimony--based on what philosophy?
Definition
a phylogenetic tree building guideline that the tree with the least brances is the most accurate
Occam's razor
Term
homoplasious traits create misleading phylogenies
Definition
whyyy
Term
Types of phylogenetic trees: cladograms
Definition
branch length is arbitrary
Term
Types of phylogenetic trees: phylogram
Definition
branch length indicates number of differences -- the branch lengths mean mutations
Term
Types of phylogenetic trees: ultrametric
Definition
branch length indicates time since divergence
Term
Molecular clocks
Definition
the technique used to relate the mutational differences between lineages to their absolute time since divergence
Term
Modern uses of phylogenies
Definition
Reveal changes not captured by fossil record, resolve evolutionary hypothesis, identify illegal activity, and track the origins and spread of infectious disease
Term
what is a virus?
Definition
among the simplest of biological systems
Term
virus defined
Definition
noncellular, simply genes in a protein coat, lack metabolic machinery and replication machinery
Term
Think about the discovery of viruses
Definition
Term
Viral structures
Definition
composed or RNA or DNA, capsids and capsomers and virally encoded glycoproteins
Term
capsid
Definition
the outer shell of a virus--the protein coat
Term
capsomer
Definition
functional unit of a capsid
more intricate virus - more capsomers
Term
Types of viruses
Definition
helical, icosahedral, envelope, complex
Term
types of viruses: helical
Definition
single type of capsomer stacked helically around genetic material creating a rod shape
Term
types of viruses: icosahedral
Definition
comprised of numerous equilateral triangular faced capsomers
glycoproteins are present
Term
types of viruses: envelope
Definition
Either a helical or icosahedral virus enclosed in a host-derived membrane
they can invade because host doesnt realize they're bad
Term
types of viruses: complex
Definition
possess aspects of both helical and icosahedral morphologies
Term
what does viral classification depend on?
Definition
genetic material and presence of an envelope
Term
viral classification includes: DNA
Definition
DNA has no single stranded envelope viruses
Term
VIral Classification: RNA
Definition
No RNA enveloped
Term
Virus Life cycle
Definition
virus enters cell, host replicates viral genome, viral genes transcribed, they assemble, and the completed virus departs the cell
Term
Enveloped virus life cycle
Definition
It is the same; but upon departure the virus takes the host membrane upon departure
Term
Retrovirus life cycle
Definition
Same as the envelope except the retrovirus integrates its RNA into DNA and inserts it into the host's genome
Term
what enzymes does retrovirus utilize?
Definition
transcriptase - enzyme that reverse transcribes viral RNA to DNA
integrase - enzyme that randomly inserts new DNA into cell genome
Term
Bacteriophage
Definition
Most of the viral body sits outside the cell. It does one of two things: lytic or lysogenic
Term
Lytic
Definition
In bacteriophage: causes imminent cell death
Term
Lysogenic
Definition
in bacteriophage: temperate: causes cell death eventually
can lie dormant until triggered
Term
Infections smaller than viruses: viroids
Definition
Viroids: lack protein coat but have genetic material. They are small single-stranded RNA, no protein coat, make no proteins,
Term
how do viroids cause plant diseases?
Definition
interfering with gene transcription?
Term
what can be infected by viroids?
Definition
viruses
Term
Infections smaller than viruses: prions
Definition
they have proteins but no genetic data - they cause degenerative neural diseases, resistant to hear and other sterlilization methods. Misfolded proteins, replicate by bumping into other proteins
Term
what is the difference between analogous and homologous?
Definition
Analogous features share similar function but not common ancestry, while homologous features share common ancestry but not necessarily similar function
Term
recombinant
Definition
chromosome contains DNA from two different cells
Term
bacteriophage
Definition
the virus that infects bacteria
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