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Bio Test 3
10, 11, 9, 8, 13 & 14
51
Biology
Undergraduate 2
04/13/2012

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Term
molecular biology
Definition
the study of heredity at the molecular level
Term
bacteriophages
Definition
viruses that exclusively infect bacteria
Term
nucleotides
Definition
long chains of chemical units
Term
polynucleotide
Definition
nucleotide polymer chain
Term
sugar-phosphate backbone
Definition
a repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar-phospate
Term
DNA
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
Term
DNA bases
Definition
thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
Term
what pairs with thymine
Definition
ADENINE
Term
what pairs with cytosine
Definition
guanine
Term
what base is different with RNA
Definition
Thymine is not in RNA instead it has Uracil
Term
virus
Definition
an infectious particle consisting of a bit of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat (capsid) and in some cases a membrane envelope
Term
capsid
Definition
a protein coat that a virus is wrapped in
Term
lytic cycle
Definition
the replication cycle of a phage
Term
lysogenic cycle
Definition
viral DNA occurs without destroying the host
Term
describe two kinds of cycles for a phage
Definition
page 200
Term
prophage
Definition
the phage DNA once inserted in the bacterial chromosome
Term
describe the replication cycle of an enveloped RNA virus
Definition
page 201
Term
AIDS
Definition
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Term
HIV
Definition
human immunodeficiency virus
Term
reverse transcriptase
Definition
an enzym carried by HIV which catalyzes revrse transcription so an RNA template can create DNA
Term
retroviruses
Definition
viruses that create DNA from RNA
Term
viroids
Definition
small circular RNA molcules that infect plants
Term
prions
Definition
(misfolded protein) infectious proteins which cause a number of degenerative brain diseases in various animal species (mad cow, wasting disease and scrapie or a few) (Creutzfeld-Jako disease in humans)
Term
transformation
Definition
the uptake of foreign DNA from the surrounding environment
Term
transduction
Definition
the transfer of bacterial genes by a phage
Term
conjugation
Definition
the DNA transfer between the physical union of two bacteria
Term
F Factor
Definition
a specific piece of DNA that controls the ability of a donor cell to carry out conjugation. (F for fertility)
Term
plasmid
Definition
a small circular DNA molecule that is separate from the bacteria chromosome. they replicate (duplicate) separately from the much larger bacteria chromosome
Term
R plasmids
Definition
a class of plasmids that pose serious problems for human medicine. They carry genes for enzymes that destroy antibiotics such as penicillin and tetracycline. Bacteria with R plasmids are resistant to antibiotics that would otherwise kill them
Term
biotechnology
Definition
the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products
Term
DNA technology
Definition
modern laboratory techniques for studying and manipulating genetic material
Term
recombinant dna
Definition
formed when scientists combine nucleotide sequences from two different sources
Term
genetic engineering
Definition
the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
Term
gene cloning
Definition
the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of dna
Term
vector
Definition
a gene carrier
Term
describe lab manufactor of a protein
Definition
page 232
Term
DNA ligase
Definition
enzyme that joins dna molecules by covalent bonds
Term
clone
Definition
a group of identical cells descended from a single ancestral cell.
Term
restriction enzymes
Definition
bacterial enzymes that are 'cutting tools' for DNA
Term
restriction site
Definition
the dna sequence recognized by a restriction (cutting) enzyme. Once recognized the site will be 'unzipped' by the enzyme
Term
restriction fragments
Definition
the pieces of DNA created when restriction enzymes cut DNA
Term
sticky ends
Definition
signle-stranded regios whose unpaired bases can hydrogen-bond to the complementary sticky ends of other fragments created by the same restriction enzyme. Note that the dna fragments are double-stranded, but that both ends are each called a sticky end
Term
nucleic acid probe
Definition
a complementary sequence of dna tagged with a radioactive isotope or flouresecent tag that is used to find the desired gene sequence on a DNA strand. (it is the bonding sequence for the desired sequence)
Term
vacine
Definition
a harmless variant (mutant) or derivative of a pathogen that is used to stimulate the immune system to mount a lasting defense against that pathogen
Term
GMOs
Definition
genetically modified organisms: organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artifical means
Term
transgenic organism
Definition
the recombinant organism is GMO with genes acquired from another organism (typicall another species)
Term
gene therapy
Definition
treating diseases by tampering with the human geonome
Term
forsensics
Definition
the scientific analysis of evidence for crime scene investigations and other legal proceedings
Term
PCR
Definition
polymerase chain reaction: a technique by which a specific segment of DNA can be targeted and quickly amplified (copied) in the laboratory
Term
primers
Definition
short chemically synthesized single-stranded dna molecules with sequences that are complementary to sequences at each end of the target sequence
Term
proteomics
Definition
the scientific tudy of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome
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