Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Bio Test 3
Bio 101
107
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/05/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
e.coli is...
Definition
a bacteria prokaryote
Term
DNA polymerase 1
Definition
small jobs
Term
DNA polymerase 3
Definition
large DNA replication jobs
Term
okazaki fragments
Definition
lagging strand sections where DNA is replicated
Term
SSB
Definition
single strand binding protein keeps DNA strands from binding to themselves
Term
what makes a 3' end when starting DNA replication?
Definition
primase makes a bit of RNA at the beginning of each synthesis
Term
what needs to be fixed after the primase and DNA polyermase 3 do their jobs?
Definition
replace RNA with DNA and fill in gaps
Term
what replaces RNA with DNA in DNA replication?
Definition
DNA polyermase 1
Term
what fills in gaps in DNA replication?
Definition
ligase
Term
thymine dimer
Definition
two Ts next to each other, effected by UV rays
Term
what kind of bound does a pyrimidine dimer form?
Definition
covalent
Term
what does a thymine dimer do and how is it fixed?
Definition
distorts helix, nuclease is added to break Sugar phosphate backbone, about 30 bp are replaced with DNA polymerase 1
Term
what is the central dogma?
Definition
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Term
DNA to RNA
Definition
transcription
Term
trancription bubble
Definition
RNA polymerase bubble that DNA is transcribed in
Term
TATA box
Definition
promoter, tells what strand and where copying should happen, at -10
Term
structure of mRNA
Definition
cap at 5' end, open reading frame, poly-A tail at 3' end
Term
what is gene size compared to protein size?
Definition
larger than what is needed
Term
splicing
Definition
introns are removed and aren't transcribeds, exons are translated
Term
start codon
Definition
AUG, codes for Met.
Term
stop codons
Definition
UAA, UAG, UGA
Term
open reading frame
Definition
start to stop codon, what is translated
Term
tRNA
Definition
single strand that can bind to itself, with an amino acid and an anti-codon
Term
where does translation happen?
Definition
in a ribosome
Term
how many genes on each chromosome?
Definition
500-2000
Term
does a transcription bubble size change?
Definition
no
Term
what is a promoter?
Definition
a special gene that tells the RNA where to start replicating
Term
a promoter is the site of what?
Definition
RNA polymerase binding
Term
location of TATA box
Definition
-10
Term
what is +1?
Definition
first nucleotide to be copied
Term
what does the TATA box tell (strand related)
Definition
which strand to transcribe
Term
where is the promoter usually located?
Definition
about -200
Term
are all RNA translated?
Definition
no
Term
what kind of RNA is always translated?
Definition
mRNA
Term
what kind of cell usually has mRNA?
Definition
eukaryotes
Term
what is the structure of mRNA?
Definition
5' cap, open reading frame, poly-A tail 3'
Term
how many As in poly-A tail?
Definition
200-300
Term
what is the purpose of cap and tail in mRNA?
Definition
protection
Term
spliced out piecing of DNA?
Definition
introns
Term
translated pieces of DNA?
Definition
exons
Term
when does splicing happen?
Definition
at the same time as transcription
Term
start codon
Definition
AUG, codes for Met.
Term
stop codons
Definition
UAA, UAG, UGA
Term
anticodon
Definition
on tRNA, complimentary to codon on mRNA
Term
where does translation happen?
Definition
in the cytoplasm on a ribosome
Term
open reading frame
Definition
between start and stop codon
Term
the cap on a mRNA contains what?
Definition
a G that happens to be methilated
Term
about how mnay codons does a ribosome cover at a time?
Definition
2
Term
what are the ribosome parts?
Definition
large and small subunits (2)
Term
how are the amino acids joined on the tRNA?
Definition
covalent bonds
Term
bonds between amino acids...
Definition
peptide bonds
Term
ribosome, during translation, moves what way?
Definition
5' to 3', cap to tail
Term
what anticodon recognizes the stop codon?
Definition
none
Term
what causes translation to end at the stop codon?
Definition
a release factor
Term
housekeeping genes
Definition
genes that are being used all the time or most of the time
Term
what does chromatin consist of?
Definition
DNA and protein
Term
what is the special form that histones are bound to DNA?
Definition
nucleosomes
Term
1 nucleosome=
Definition
octamer of histones (4 pairs)
Term
what are the 4 histones on the nucleosome?
Definition
H2A, H2B, H3, H4
Term
structure of the nucleosome?
Definition
core has histones, DNA wrapped around core twice (~140bp)
Term
the piece of DNA that rests between two nucleosomes
Definition
linker
Term
usually how big is a linker?
Definition
60 bp
Term
abot how many nucleosomes are involved with each nucleosome?
Definition
200 (160 of DNA wrapped around histone core and 40 in the linker)
Term
what is another histone involved with the nucleosome (other than H2A, H2B, H3, and H4)?
Definition
H1
Term
what is the charge for each nucleotide?
Definition
-1
Term
why does each nucleotide have a negative charge?
Definition
1 oxygen has a negative charge because it is unbonded
Term
what is the charge of proteins in histones?
Definition
+1
Term
explain the attraction between the proteins in a histone and the nucleotides in DNA
Definition
the nucleotides have a - charge and the proteins have a + charge and they attract
Term
what two amino acids have positively charged side chains?
Definition
argenine and lysine
Term
what do histones consist of a lot of?
Definition
lots of argenine and lysine
Term
what is the charge of a histone?
Definition
+
Term
what is a histone?
Definition
a very very small protein about 100 aa
Term
are histones highly conserved?
Definition
yes
Term
how wide is DNA?
Definition
2nm
Term
how wide are nucleosomes?
Definition
10nm
Term
when is DNA at it's most compact form
Definition
during cell division
Term
when is DNA at it's most compact form
Definition
during cell division
Term
genes make up how much of our genome?
Definition
1/4
Term
how much of our DNA is exons?
Definition
only a tiny bit
Term
how much of our genome is made of transposons?
Definition
45%
Term
transposable elements
Definition
kinds of DNA that can move their locations
Term
what is the rest of the genome (other than transposons and DNA)?
Definition
unique (noncoding) or simple seqeunce (repeats)
Term
what are the three main reasons for cell division? (mitosis)
Definition
reproduction, growth, renewal
Term
1 cell before mitosis, _ cells after
Definition
2
Term
example of cell division for reproduction
Definition
amoebas
Term
example of cell division for growth
Definition
a fertilized sand dollar embryo begins to grow by dividing into two cells
Term
example of cell division for renewal
Definition
cells in bone marrow divide to maintain the supply of blood cells
Term
cell cycle
Definition
M (mitosis) -> G1 (gap 1, most of the cells life, doing it's thing) -> S (synthesis) -> G2 (gap 2, find mistakes and get rid of them before mitosis)
Term
phases of mitosis
Definition
(prime minister at ten) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Term
prophase
Definition
G1 in cell cycle, chromosomes condense fully and begin to attach to spindles at the kinetochore, centromeres are moving to poles, nuclear envelope starting to break down
Term
metaphase
Definition
chromosomes attached to spindles and on metaphase plate
Term
anaphase
Definition
sister chromatids begin to seperate and move to poles, after centromeres split
Term
kinetochore
Definition
on the centromere, where the spindles attach
Term
telophase
Definition
"the end", sister chromatids seperated and at opposote poles of the cell
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
cleavage furrow forms, cell divides in two, new nuclear envelopes form
Term
plant mitosis differences in cytokinesis from animals
Definition
no clevage furrow, cell plate grows from center
Term
about how many of the species on earth reproduce asexually
Definition
1/2
Term
what is an example of an asexual organism?
Definition
hydra
Term
advantages of asexual reproduction
Definition
only one organism needed, possibly well-adapted
Term
disadvantage of asexual reproduction
Definition
if the environment changes, the babies are screwed
Term
karyotype
Definition
full chromosome set
Term
how is a karyotype arranged
Definition
by chromosome size
Term
diploids have
Definition
two sets of chromosomes
Term
autosomes
Definition
all the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes
Term
meiosis 1 stages
Definition
prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1 and cytokinesis
Term
what happens in meiosis
Definition
chromosomes duplicate and seperate into different cells, then chromatids seperate into different cells making four cells
Term
when does crossing over occur?
Definition
meiosis
Supporting users have an ad free experience!