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Bio Test 2
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
92
Biology
10th Grade
02/21/2012

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Term
Early scientists thought ______ was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more ______ than DNA
Definition
Early scientists thought protein was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA
Term
Fred Griffith
Definition
Study suggested that DNA was probably the genetic material
Term
Chromosomes are made of both ______ and _____
Definition
Chromosomes are made of both DNA and protein
Term
Hershey & Chase
Definition
Proved that DNA was the cell’s genetic material
Term
Erwin Chargaff
Definition
Showed the amounts of the four bases on DNA ( A,T,C,G)
Term
_______ must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with _______
Definition
Adenine must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with Cytosine
Term
AT CG form what kind of bonds
Definition
Weak hydrogen bonds
Term
Rosalind Franklin
Definition
Took diffraction x-ray photographs of DNA crystals
Term
Watson & Crick
Definition
Built the first model of DNA using Franklin’s x-rays
Term
Two strands of DNA coiled called a
Definition
Double Helix
Term
Sides of DNA made of
Also known as
Definition
Deoxyribose bonded to phosphate (PO4)
Legs of Ladder
Term
Center of DNA made up
Also know as
Definition
Nitrogen bases bonded together by weak hydrogen bonds
Rungs of Ladder
Term
Most DNA has a ____-hand twist with ____ base pairs in a complete turn
Definition
Right hand twist
10 base pairs in completer turn
Term
Hot spots occur where right and left twisted DNA meet producing ______
Definition
Mutations
Term
Left twisted DNA is called Z-DNA or _____ DNA
Definition
southpaw
Term
DNA is made up of
Definition
Nucleotides
Term
Nucleotides (Make up DNA) made up of
1.
2.
3.
Definition
1.Phosphate group
2.5-carbon sugar
3.Nitrogenous base
Term
How are Carbons numbered?
Definition
Clockwise from 1' to 5'
Term
DNA are known as Antiparallel Strands because if one strand goes from 5' to 3' the other is ______ in direction and goes from ____ to _____
Definition
Opposite in direction gores from 3' to 5'
Term
How do you tell if the Bases are Purines?
Which are the Purine bases?
Definition
Double Ring
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Term
How do you tell if the Bases are Pyrimidines?
Which are the Pyrimidines bases?
Definition
Single Ring
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Term
Purines only pair with ______
Definition
Pyrimidines
Term
______ (#) hydrogen bonds required to bond Guanine & Cytosine
Definition
3
Term
______ (#) hydrogen bonds are required to bond Adenine & Thymine
Definition
2
Term
DNA has to be ______ before a cell divides
Definition
Copied
Term
DNA is copied during the ____ or _______ phase of _________
Definition
DNA is copied during the S or synthesis phase of interphase
Term
Where does Synthesis take place?
Definition
Nucleus of eukaryotes
Term
DNA replication begins at _____ ___ _______
Definition
Begins at Origins of Replication
Term
Two strands open forming Replication _____
What happens here?
Definition
Two strands open forming Replication Forks
New strands grow at the forks
Term
As the 2 DNA strands open at the origin, _______ Bubbles form.
Prokaryotes (bacteria) have _______ bubble(s)
Eukaryotic chromosomes have ______ bubble(s)
Definition
Replication Bubbles
Prokaryotes (bacteria) have a single bubble
Eukaryotic chromosomes have MANY bubbles
Term
Enzyme ____ ________ unwinds and separates the 2 DNA strands by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds
Definition
DNA Helicase
Term
Single-Strand Binding Proteins attach and keep the 2 DNA strands _______ and ______
Definition
Separated and untwisted
Term
Topoisomerase
Not really important
Definition
Relieves stress on DNA as it separates
Term
Before new DNA strands can form, there must be____ _______ present to start the addition of new nucleotides
Definition
RNA primers
Term
_______ is the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA Primer
Definition
Primase
Term
DNA polymerase can then add the new ________
Definition
Nucleotides
Term
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the _____ end of the DNA
This causes the NEW strand to be built in a ___ to ____ direction
Definition
3'

This causes the NEW strand to be built in a 5’ to 3’ direction
Term
The ______ _____ is synthesized as a single strand from the point of origin toward the opening replication fork
Definition
Leading Strand
Term
The ______ _____ is synthesized discontinuously against overall direction of replication
Definition
Lagging Strand
Term
This strand is made in MANY short segments It is replicated from the replication fork toward the origin
Definition
Lagging Strand
Term
________ ________ - series of short segments on the lagging strand
Definition
Okazaki Fragments
Term
Okazaki Fragments must be joined together by __ _______ called ______
Definition
An enzyme called Ligase
Term
DNA polymerase initially makes about 1 in _______ base pairing errors
______ proofread and correct these mistakes
The new error rate for DNA that has been proofread is 1 in ___ ______ base pairing errors
Definition
10,000

Enzymes proofread and correct these mistakes

The new error rate for DNA that has been proofread is 1 in 1 billion base pairing errors
Term
Meselson & Stahl
Definition
New DNA consists of 1 PARENTAL (original) and 1 NEW strand of DNA
Term
DNA contains _____, sequences of nucleotide bases
Definition
Genes
Term
These Genes code for _______ or ____
Definition
Polypeptides or proteins
Term
_____ are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells
Definition
Proteins are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells
Term
Proteins are made of _____ ______ linked together by peptide bonds
__(#) different ____ ____ exist
Definition
Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
20 different amino acids exist
Term
Amino acid chains are called ________
Definition
Amino acid chains are called polypeptides
Term
DNA is found inside the ______
Proteins, however, are made in the _______ of cells by organelles called _____
Definition
DNA is found inside the nucleus
Proteins, however, are made in the cytoplasm of cells by organelles called ribosomes
Term
DNA ‘s code must be copied and taken to the ______
In the cytoplasm, this code must be read so _____ ____ can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins)
This process is called _____ _____
Definition
DNA ‘s code must be copied and taken to the cytosol
In the cytoplasm, this code must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins)
This process is called PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Term
____ contains the base uracil (U)
____ has thymine (T)
____ molecule is single-stranded
____ is double-stranded
Definition
RNA contains the base uracil (U)
DNA has thymine (T)
RNA molecule is single-stranded
DNA is double-stranded
Term
_______ ____ (_RNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes
Definition
Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes
Term
_________ ____ (_RNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes
Definition
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes
Term
_________ ____ (_RNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized
Definition
Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized
Term
Messenger RNA:
_____ _____ chain of Nucleotides
Made in the _______
Copies DNA & leaves _____ _______ ______
Contains the Nitrogen Bases _, _, _, _
Definition
Long Straight chain of Nucleotides
Made in the Nucleus
Copies DNA & leaves through nuclear pores
Contains the Nitrogen Bases A, G, C, U ( no T )
Term
Sequence of 3 bases called ______
Definition
Codon
Term
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Made inside the ______ of a cell
Associates with _______ to form ribosomes
Site of _____ _______
Definition
Made inside the nucleus of a cell
Associates with proteins to form ribosomes
Site of protein Synthesis
Term
A codon designates an ____ _____
An amino acid may have more than ____ ____
Definition
A codon designates an amino acid
An amino acid may have more than one codon
Term
On DNA:
A-__
C-__
On RNA:
_-_
_-_
Definition
On DNA:
A-T
C-G
On RNA:
A-U
C-G
Term
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
_____-____ shape
Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an ____ ____
Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the ______
Definition
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Clover-leaf shape
Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid
Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the anticodon
Term
The 3 bases of an anticodon are ______ to the 3 bases of a ____
Example: Codon ACU
Anticodon ___
Definition
The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to the 3 bases of a codon
Example: Codon ACU
Anticodon UGA
Term
Pathway to making a protein
DNA

_RNA

t___ (______)

_____
Definition
DNA
mRNA

tRNA (ribosomes)

Protein
Term
Protein Synthesis
Two phases: ________ & ______
mRNA must be ______ before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Definition
Two phases: Transcription & Translation
mRNA must be processed before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Term
The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the ______ ____
_____ copies the template strand
Requires the enzyme ____ _______
Definition
The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the template strand
mRNA copies the template strand
Requires the enzyme RNA Polymerase
Term
____ Strand
_______ Strand
_____ Strand
Side that does not code the RNA
Definition
Top Strand
Coding Strand
Sense Strand
Term
____ Strand
_______ Strand
_____ Strand
Side that does not code the RNA
Definition
Bottom Strand
Template Strand
Antisense Strand
Term
During transcription, ___ _______ binds to ____ and separates the DNA strands
____ ______ then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into _______
Definition
During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands
RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA
Term
______ are regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA
Called the _____ box
Specific base sequences act as signals to _____
Called the ______ signal
Definition
Promoters are regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA
Called the TATA box
Specific base sequences act as signals to stop
Called the termination signal
Term
After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, editing must be done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA _____
______, non-functional segments of DNA are snipped out of the chain
Definition
After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, editing must be done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA functional
Introns, non-functional segments of DNA are snipped out of the chain
Term
_____, segments of DNA that code for proteins, are then rejoined by the enzyme ______
Definition
Exons, segments of DNA that code for proteins, are then rejoined by the enzyme ligase
Term
mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ______
Definition
mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes
Term
______ is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or _ _____ at a time and construct the proteins
Definition
Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins
Term
Ribosomes are made of a _____ and small subunit
Composed of _____ and ______
Have two sites for tRNA attachment --- _ and _
Definition
Ribosomes are made of a large and small subunit
Composed of rRNA (40%) and proteins (60%)
Have two sites for tRNA attachment --- P and A
Term
mRNA transcript start codon AUG attaches to the small ribosomal subunit
Small subunit attaches to large ribosomal subunit
Definition
mRNA transcript start codon AUG attaches to the small ribosomal subunit
Small subunit attaches to large ribosomal subunit
Term
Elongation=As ribosome moves, two tRNA with their amino acids move into site A and P of the ribosome
Peptide bonds join the amino acids
Definition
Elongation=As ribosome moves, two tRNA with their amino acids move into site A and P of the ribosome
Peptide bonds join the amino acids
Term
The end products of protein synthesis is a _______ structure of a protein
A sequence of ______ _____ bonded together by ______ bonds
Definition
The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein
A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds
Term
The _____ are cut out of RNA molecules.
The _____ are the spliced together to form mRNA.
Definition
The introns are cut out of RNA molecules.
The exons are the spliced together to form mRNA.
Term
_____ specifies the amino acid methionine or serve as a “start” codon for protein synthesis.
Definition
AUG specifies the amino acid methionine or serve as a “start” codon for protein synthesis.
Term
_______ are changes in the genetic material.

Two Types:
_______ ______
And ____ ____
Definition
Mutations are changes in the genetic material.

Two Types:
Chromosome Mutations
And Gene Mutations
Term
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as _____ ___________.
Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as _______ ________.
Definition
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as gene mutations.

Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as chromosomal mutations.
Term
Gene mutations involving a change in _____ _ _____ nucleotides are known as _______ mutations because they occur at a _____ point in the DNA sequence.
Definition
Gene mutations involving a change in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.
Term
_____ usually affect no more than a single amino acid.
Definition
Substitutions usually affect no more than a single amino acid.
Term
The _______ or _____ of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons.
Changes like these are called ______ ______
Definition
The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons.
Changes like these are called frameshift mutations
Term
Frameshift mutations may change ______ amino acid that _____ the mutation.
Frameshift mutations can alter a ____ so much that it is ____ to perform its _____ functions
Definition
Frameshift mutations may change every amino acid that follows the mutation.
Frameshift mutations can alter a protein so much that it is unable to perform its normal functions
Term
Silent mutations
Definition
Mutations where the Amino Acid Stays same
Term
Missense mutations
Definition
Different Amino Acid
Term
Nonsense Mutations
Definition
Early Stop
Term
In _______ ________, biologists make changes in the DNA code of a living organism.
Definition
In genetic engineering, biologists make changes in the DNA code of a living organism.
Term
During ________, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. The external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA.

This change to the DNA molecule is known as DNA ________.
Definition
During transformation, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. The external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA.

This change to the DNA molecule is known as DNA recombination.
Term
An organism with modified DNA is called ______
Definition
An organism with modified DNA is called TRANSGENIC
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