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Bio Test 2
3/11/09
70
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/09/2009

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Term
Amino acids
Definition
Building blocks of a protein.
Amino acids consist of a central carbon with 4 functional groups: amino, variable, hydrogen, carboxylic acid
Term
helixes and pleated sheets
Definition
major types of secondary structure
Term
secondary structure
Definition
regular repeating coiling and folding of a protein's polypeptide backbone.
Term
tertiary structure
Definition
the irregular contortion of a protein backbone due to bonding or interactions between side chains
Term
quaternary structure
Definition
structure that results from the interaction among several polypeptides (subunits) in a single protein
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
long chains of subunits called nucleotides
Term
two types of nucleotides
Definition
ribose and deoxyribose nucleotides
Term
coenzymes
Definition
assist enzymes in promoting and guiding chemical reactions
Term
cell membrane
Definition
outermost barrier of the shell
Term
cell wall
Definition
mainly for structural support and protection
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
contains the cell but still allows the cell to interact with the environment
Term
mosaic aspect of membranes
Definition
there are proteins interspersed within the lipid bilayer
Term
glycoproteins
Definition
proteins which have a carbohydrate attached to them
Term
passive transport
Definition
movement down a concentration gradient
Term
concentration gradient
Definition
concentration change over a distance in a particular direction
Term
diffusion
Definition
the net movement of a substance down a concentration gradient
Term
selective permeability
Definition
property of biological membranes which allows some substances to cross more easily than others
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
diffusion across a membrane with the help of a protein
Term
osmosis
Definition
passive transport of water
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
a measure of the tendency of a solution to take up water when separated from pure water by a differentially permeable membrane
Term
Isotonic solution
Definition
has an equal concentration of solute compared to the inside of a cell
Term
Hypertonic solution
Definition
has greater concentration of solute than the inside of a cell
Term
hypotonic solution
Definition
has a lower concentration of solute than the inside of a cell
Term
active transport
Definition
an energy-requiring process during which a transport protein pumps a molecule across a membrane against its concentration gradient
Term
endocytosis
Definition
the cellular uptake of large molecules (macromolecules) and particulate substances (food) by the localized pinching off of a region of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
(cell eating) the endocytosis of solid particles
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
(cell drinking) is the endocytosis of fluid droplets
Term
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
the process of importing specific macromolecules into the cell by the inward budding of vesicles formed from coated pits, occurs in response to the binding of specific nutrients to receptors on the cell's surface
Term
exocytosis
Definition
the cellular secretion of large molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane
Term
desmosomes
Definition
junctions which hold two cells together
Term
plasmodesmata
Definition
large non-protein channels through both the cell membranes and the cell wall of neighboring plant cells
Term
nucleoid
Definition
dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
the entire region inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus in cells that have a nucleus
Term
nucleus
Definition
compartment that contains the cell's genetic library
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
a double membrane which encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
Term
nucleolus
Definition
spherical shaped region in the nucleus where eukaryotic ribosomes are assembled
Term
chromatin
Definition
complex of DNA and histone proteins, which make up chromosomes in eukaryotic cells
Term
chromosomes
Definition
long, threadlike associations of genes, composed of chromatin and found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (46 for humans)
Term
ribosomes
Definition
build the cell's proteins; cytoplasmic complexes which are the sites of protein synthesis
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
an organelle made of stacked, flattened membranous sacs, that modifies, stores, sorts, and routes products of the ER.
Term
lysosomes
Definition
membrane-bound organelles which are digestive compartments that digest all major classes of macromolecules
Term
chloroplasts
Definition
chlorophyll containing organelles which are the sites of photosynthesis
Term
mitochondria
Definition
organelles which use energy extracted from organic macromolecules (food) to produce ATP
Term
energy
Definition
the capacity to do work
Term
potential energy
Definition
stored energy in matter e.g. the energy in chemical bonds and electrical energy in a battery
Term
kinetic energy
Definition
energy of motion or movement e.g. electricity
Term
1st law of thermodynamics
Definition
energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed
Term
2nd law of thermodynamics
Definition
every energy transfer or transformation results in a decrease of useful energy
Term
entropy
Definition
the measure of disorder or randomness
Term
exergonic reactions
Definition
reactions that release energy
Term
endergonic reactions
Definition
energy-requiring reactions
Term
ATP
Definition
principal energy carrier in cells
Term
metabolism
Definition
sum/totality of the organism's chemical processes
Term
catabolic pathways
Definition
metabolic pathways which release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
Term
degradation
Definition
releases energy
Term
anabolic pathways
Definition
metabolic pathways which consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
Term
synthesis of proteins
Definition
energy requiring
Term
enzymes
Definition
biological catalysts which are usually proteins
Term
catalysts
Definition
chemical agents that accelerate a reaction without being permanently changed in the process
Term
substrates
Definition
the substances which enzymes act on. in the presence of an appropriate enzyme, they become more reactive.
Term
active site
Definition
the restricted region of an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds
Term
coenzymes
Definition
small nonprotein organic molecules that are required for proper enzyme function
Term
feedback inhibition
Definition
the activity of an enzyme is inhibited by its own product or a product along the metabolic pathway
Term
allosteric regulation
Definition
enzyme action is enhanced or inhibited by small organic molecules that act as regulators
Term
competitive inhibitors
Definition
molecules that resemble the enzyme's normal substrate and so compete with it for the active site
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
transforms light energy trapped by chloroplasts into chemical bond energy and stores that energy in sugar and other organic molecules
Term
chlorophyll
Definition
the green pigment that gives a leaf its color. responsible for the absorption of the light energy that drives photosynthesis.
Term
light reaction
Definition
the reaction of photosynthesis that converts light energy to chemical bond energy in ATP and NADPH
Term
stroma
Definition
the fluid-filled space outside the thylakoids and inside the inner chloroplast membrane
Term
photosystems
Definition
the assemblies which turn light energy into chemical energy in the thylakoid membranes.
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