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Bio Test 1
Chapter 3
96
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/13/2010

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Term
Four kinds of molecules that are characteristics of living things
Definition
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
Term
Polymers
Definition
constructed by the covalent bonding of smaller molecules called monomers
Term
polymers with molecular weight greater thatn 1,000 grams
Definition
Macromolecules
Term
Functional Groups
Definition
specific chemical properties that attach to a larger molecule
Term
Class of Hydroxyl and example
Definition
Alcohols Ex: Ehtanol
Term
Class of Aldehyde and Example
Definition
Aldehydes Ex: Acetaldehyde
Term
Class of Keto and Example
Definition
Ketones Ex: Acetone
Term
Class of Carboxyl and Example
Definition
Carboxylic Acid Ex: Acetic Acid
Term
Class of Amino and Example
Definition
Amines Ex: Methylamine
Term
Class of Phosphate and Ex:
Definition
Organic Phosphates Ex: 3-Phosphoglycerate
Term
Class of Sulfhydryl and Ex:
Definition
Thiols EX: Mercaptoethanol
Term
Isomers
Definition
molecules that have the same chemical formula but different arrangement
Term
Structural Isomers
Definition
differ in how their atoms are joined together Ex: butane and isobutane
Term
Optical Isomers
Definition
occur when a carbon atom has four different atoms or groups of atoms attached to it
Term
Condensation reactions
Definition
loss of water to form molecules covalently
Term
hydrolysis reaction
Definition
break down polymers into their component monomers by adding water
Term
Functions of Proteins
Definition
Catalytic proteins, defensive proteins, hormonal/regulatory proteins, receptor, structural, storage, transport
Term
Number of amino acids
Definition
20
Term
T or F proteins consist of one or more polypeptide chains
Definition
True
Term
Source of diversity in protein
Definition
sequence of amino acids
Term
Functional groups of proteins
Definition
carboxyl group and amino group
Term
Alpha Carbon
Definition
where the amino and carboxyl group and side chain attach at
Term
Two isomeric forms of amino acids
Definition
D-Amino acids and L-amino acids( more commonly found)
Term
T or Famino acids are simultaneously acids and bases
Definition
true
Term
Amino acids with positive charged hydrophilic
Definition
argine, histidine, and lysine
Term
Amino acids with negative charged hydrophilic side chain
Definition
aspartic acid, glutamic acid
Term
polar uncharged hydrophilic amino acids
Definition
serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine
Term
special cases polar hydrophilic amino acids
Definition
cysteine, glycine, proline
Term
nonpolar hydrophobic amino acids
Definition
alanine, isoleucine, leucine, metionine, phynylalanine, tryptophan, valine
Term
cysteine side chain
Definition
form covalent bond called disulfide bridge
Term
glycine side chain
Definition
single hydrogen atom
Term
proline
Definition
lacks hydrogen but forms covalent bond with hydrocarbon side chain
Term
peptide linkage ( peptide bond)
Definition
condensation reaction forms the backbone of protein
Term
N terminus
Definition
the first amino acid added to the chain
Term
C terminus
Definition
last amino acid added to the chain
Term
T or F C-N linkage allow full rotation
Definition
False
Term
C=O has a positive or negative charge
Definition
negative
Term
N-H has a positive or negative charge
Definition
positive
Term
primary structure
Definition
precise sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain held by peptide linkages
Term
secondary structure
Definition
regular, repeated spatial patterns in different regions of polypeptide chain
Term
alpha helix
Definition
right handed coil that results from hydrogen bonds
Term
beta pleated sheet
Definition
formed from 2 or more polypeptide chains that are almost completely extended and aligned
Term
tertiary structure
Definition
polypeptide chain is bent at specific sites and then folded back and forth that result in definitive 3-D shape
Term
T or F the interactions between R groups determine the tertiary structure
Definition
True
Term
Denatured
Definition
when a protein is heated energy will disrupt the interaction
Term
subunits
Definition
2 or more polypeptide chains
Term
quaternary structure
Definition
the ways in which these subunits bind together and interact
Term
T or F the shape and structure of protein allow specific sites to bind noncovalently
Definition
True
Term
What specifies the bonding of protein
Definition
shape and chemistry
Term
chaperones
Definition
act to counteract threats to 3-D structure
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
large groups of molecules that have similar atomic composition that bond to hydroxyl groups
Term
Role of Carbohydrates
Definition
source of stored energy, transport stored energy, serve as carbon skeletons
Term
monosaccharides examples
Definition
glucose, ribose, and fructose
Term
disaccharide examples
Definition
sucrose - disaccharides made up of covalently bonded glucose
Term
oligosaccharides
Definition
made up of 3-20 monosaccharides
Term
polysaccharide examples
Definition
starch, glycogen, cellulose
Term
T or F all living cells do not contain glucose?
Definition
false
Term
T or F glucose exist only in ring form
Definition
False they also exist in straight chains
Term
OH in alpha glucose is on top or bottom?
Definition
bottom
Term
OH in beta glucose is on top or bottom?
Definition
top
Term
pentose
Definition
five carbon sugars ex: ribose and deoxyribose
Term
T or F most monosaccharides in living systems belong to D series of isomers?
Definition
True
Term
hexose
Definition
6 carbon sugar ex: glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose
Term
glycosidic linkages
Definition
monosaccharides covalently bonded together by condensation reactions
Term
T or F Oligosaccharides have additional function groups and often covalently bond with proteins and lipids?
Definition
True
Term
Starch
Definition
polysaccharide of glucose with alpha linkages
principal energy compound of plants and are branched
Term
Glycogen
Definition
water insoluble that is highly branched polymer of glucose found in liver and muscle of animals as storage compound
Term
cellulose
Definition
predominant component of plant cell walls, is chemically more stable b/c of beta linkages and is linear structure
Term
Additional functional groups of carbohydrates
Definition
phosphates and amino groups
Term
galactosamine
Definition
major component of cartilage
Term
chitin
Definition
principal structural polysaccharide in external skeletons of insects and crustaceans and cell wall of fungi
Term
Lipids(fats)
Definition
are hydrocarbons that are insoluble in water b/c of their many nonpolar covalent bonds
Term
T or F lipids have van der Waals forces holding nonpolar hydrocarbons
Definition
True
Term
Fats and oils act as
Definition
energy storage
Term
phospholipids play a role in
Definition
cell membranes
Term
carotenoids and chlorophyll help
Definition
capture light energy
Term
steroids and fatty acids play role in
Definition
hormones and vitamins
Term
Fat in animal used as
Definition
thermal insulation
Term
lipid coating around nerves provides
Definition
electrical insulation
Term
oil or waxes help
Definition
repel water
Term
triglycerides (simple lipids)
Definition
composed of fatty acids(3) and glycerol
Term
glycerol
Definition
small molecule with 3 hydroxyl groups = alcohol
Term
fatty acid
Definition
long nonpolar hydrocarbon chain and polar carboxyl group
Term
ester linkage
Definition
what bonds carboxyl group of fatty acids and hydroxyl group of glycerols
Term
saturated fatty acid
Definition
single bond and is solid at room temp ex: palmitic acid
Term
unsaturated fatty acids
Definition
one or more double bonds and is liquid at room temp ex: linoleic acid
Term
amphipathic
Definition
both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Term
phospholipids
Definition
fatty acids bound to glycerol by ester linkages
Term
phosphate functional group
Definition
negative electric charge and is hydrophilic
Term
fatty acids
Definition
hyrdrophobic
Term
bilayer
Definition
a sheet two molecules thick with phosphate head and fatty acid tails
Term
carotenoids
Definition
light absorbing pigments found in plants and animals
Term
steroids
Definition
family of organic compounds whose multiple rings share carbons that function as hormones, chemical signals
Term
T or F cholesterol is synthesized in the gall bladder
Definition
False it is synthesized in the liver
Term
Vitamins
Definition
small molecules that are not synthesized by the human body so must be acquired from diet
Term
Waxes
Definition
help repel water and are formed by an ester linkage between saturated fatty acid and alcohol chain
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