Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Bio Study Guide Review
Exam review
58
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/03/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
1. direct intracellular signaling
2. contact-dependent signaling
3. autocrine signaling
4. paracrine signaling
5. endocrine signaling
Definition
5 ways of cell signaling
Term
direct intrecellular signaling
Definition
cell junctions allow signaling molecules to pass from one cell to another
Term
contact-dependent signaling
Definition
some molecules are bound to the surface of cells and serve as signals to cells coming in contact with them
Term
autocrine signaling
Definition
cells secrete signaling molecules that bind to their own cell surface or neighboring cells of the same type
Term
paracrine signaling
Definition
signal does not affect cell secreting the signal but does influence cells in close proximity
Term
endocrine signaling/hormone signaling
Definition
signals (hormones) travel long distances and are usually longer lasting
Term
1. enzyme-linked receptors
2. G-protein receptors
3. ligand-gated ion channels
Definition
3 major types of cell surface receptors
Term
kinetic energry
Definition
associated with movement
Term
potential energy
Definition
due to structure or location; example: stretched rubberband
Term
spontaneous reaction
Definition
occur without input of additional energy. it's not necessarily fast. they key factor is free energy change.
Term
exergonic
Definition
negative free energy change; spontaneous
Term
engergonic
Definition
positive free energy change; requires addition of free energy; not spontaneous
Term
entropy
Definition
measure of the disorder that cannot be harnessed to do work/unusable energy
Term
free energy
Definition
energy that can be converted to do work
Term
enthalpy
Definition
total energy (entropy + free energy)
Term
oxidation
Definition
removal of electrons
Term
reduction
Definition
addition of electrons
Term
redox reaction
Definition
when one electron is removed from one molecule and is added to another
Term
catalyst
Definition
agent that speeds up rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during cell reaction
Term
activation energy
Definition
initial input of energy to start reaction
Term
1. gene regulation
2. cell regulation
3. biochemical regulation
Definition
3 major ways cells regulate metabolic pathways
Term
gene regulation
Definition
turns genes on or off
Term
cell regulation
Definition
cell-signlaing pathways like hormones
Term
biochemical regulation
Definition
feedback inhibition-product of pathways inhibits early steps to prevent over-accumulation of product
Term
competitive inhibition
Definition
molecule binds to an active site and competes for active site; inhibits ability of a substrate to bind
Term
noncompetitive inhibition
Definition
lowers Vmax without affecting Km inhibitor binds to allorsteric site (the non-active site)
Term
catabolic
Definition
breakdown of reactants; used for recycling DNA and proteins. Used to obtain energy for energonic reactions - energy stored in energy intermediates - ATP and NADH
Term
anabolic
Definition
biosynthetic reactions; make large macromolecules or smaller molecules not available from food
Term
energy investment, cleavage, and energy liberation
Definition
3 phases of glycolysis
Term
thylakoid membrane
Definition
contains pigment molecules, forms thylakoids
Term
lumen
Definition
found inside thylakoid
Term
granum
Definition
stack of thylakoids
Term
stroma
Definition
fluid-filled region between thylakoid and inner membrane
Term
phenolics
Definition
secondary metabolite that is an antioxidant with intense flavors and smells
Term
alkaloids
Definition
secondary metabolite; bitter-tasting molecules for defense
Term
terpenoids
Definition
secondary metabolite; intense smells and colors
Term
polyketides
Definition
secondary metabolite; chemical weapons
Term
Light reactions
Definition
uses light energy (photon); takes place in thylakoid membranes; produces ATP, NADPH, and O2
Term
Calvin cycle
Definition
occurs in stroma; uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into organic molecules
Term
Photosystem I
Definition
uses light at 700nm; primary role is to make ATP
Term
Photosystem II
Definition
light excites e- in pigment molecules in PSI and PSII; falls in energy exciting other e-
Term
extraceullar matrix
Definition
ECM
Term
strength, structural support, organization and cell signaling
Definition
roles performed by ECM in animals
Term
anchoring junction
Definition
attach cells to each other and to the ECM - keeps them in place
Term
tight junctions
Definition
between adjacent cells in layer that prevent the leakage of material between cells
Term
gap junctions
Definition
channels that permit the direct exchange of ions and small molecules between cytosol of adjacent cells
Term
1. cell division
2. cell growth
3. differentiation
4. migration
5. apoptosis
6. cell connections
Definition
cellular processes that create tissues and organs
Term
1. epithelial tissue
2. connective tissue
3. nervous tissue
4. muscle tissue
Definition
4 types of animal cells
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
cells joined together forming continuous sheets to cover or line body surfaces
Term
connective tissue
Definition
recieves, generates, and conducts electrical signals
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
receives, generates, and conducts electrical signals
Term
muscle tissue
Definition
generates force that facilitates movement
Term
transformation principle - Griffith
Definition
took smooth and rough strain and infected the rough strain with bacteria and found that bacteria can pick up other genomes
Term
Hershey & Chase - P32
Definition
DNA was heritable material; not protein. bacteria was infected by DNA (blender)
Term
AT/GC; A pairs with T; G pairs with C; keeps consistent width
Definition
Chargoff's rule
Term
double stranded, helical, sugar-phosphate backbone, bases on the inside, stabilized by hydrogen bonding, base pairs with specific pairing
Definition
structure of DNA
Term
Wastson and Crick and Wilkins
Definition
proposed double helix structure in 1953
Term
Franklin
Definition
Who's x-rays suggested a helical structure with uniform diameter?
Supporting users have an ad free experience!