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Bio Quiz
Bio Quiz 1
43
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/21/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Glucagon
Definition

 

Stimulates the liver, liver catabolizes glycogen which releases glucose , increasing the blood glucose concentration. Made in pancreas by alpha cells

 

Term
Islets of Langerhans
Definition
Clusters of endocrine glands inside the pancreas. Has one alpha cell and one beta cell.
Term

Glycogen

 

Definition
Extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals.
Term
Insulin
Definition
Triggers the uptake of glucose from the blood into the body cell, decreasing the blood glucose concentration. Made in pancreas by beta cells.
Term
Beta cells
Definition
Part of islet of Langerhans, make insulin.
Term
Alpha cells
Definition
Part of islet of Langerhans, makes glucagon.
Term
Endocrine gland
Definition
1-2% of the mass of pancreas. Produces insulin and glucose. Ductless gland.
Term
Liver
Definition

1) Catabolizes glycogen when stimulated by glucagon to release glucose.

2) Anabolizes glucose to create glycogen when stimulated by insulin.

Term
Pancreas
Definition
Endocrine portion secretes insulin and glucagon
Term
Placental childbirth
Definition
Positive feedback. When a contraction occurs, the hormone oxytocin causes a nerve stimulus, which stimulates the hypothalamus to produce more oxytocin, which increases uterine contractions. This causes contractions to increase in amplitude and frequency.
Term
Maintenance of homeostasis (blood glucose concentration.)
Definition

0-110 mg/100 mL glucose avg. Over this, pancreas releases insulin, triggering uptake of glucose from the blood, into the body cell. Under, releases glucagon, promotes the release of glucose into the blood from energy stores (glycogen)

 

Term
Hormone
Definition
Chemical formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, act on specific target cells in other parts of the body, changing the target cells’ functioning. Hormones are for long distance signaling.
Term

Temperature (feedback)

 

Definition
In response to elevated body temperature (fever), the hypothalamic thermostat shuts down heat retention mechanisms (negative)  and promotes cooling the body by vasodilation, sweating, or panting (positive).
Term
Invertebrate Circulatory System
Definition
Open Circulatory System
Term
Vertebrate Circulatory System
Definition
Closed circulatory system
Term
Mammal circulatory system.
Definition
Four chambered heart with double circulation.
Term
Elasmobranchs/Fish
Definition
Single circulation and a heart with two chambers
Term
Amphibians Circulatory System
Definition
Double circulation, three chambered heart. No Septum, only a ridge. When frog is under water, it can divert blood from lungs, to skin.
Term
Reptile Circulatory System.
Definition
Three chambered heart, has incomplete septum that partially divides the single ventricle into seperate right and left chambers.
Term
Alligators
Definition
Three-chambered heart with complete septum. Pumonary and systemic circuits connect where the arteries exit the heart. This connection enables the arterial valves to shunt blood away from the lungs temporarily.
Term
Birds
Definition
Four-chambered heart with double circulation. Convergent evolution.
Term
Respiration: Positive pressure
Definition
Pushing air into the lungs
Term
Respiration:Negative pressure
Definition
Pulling air into the lungs
Term
Respiration:elastic recoil
Definition
Helps maintain blood pressure and clow to capillaries when the heart is relaxed between contractions.
Term
Respiration: Stimuli for inspiration
Definition
pH shift indicates CO2 in the cerebrospinal fluid. When pH lowers this stimulates more breathing.
Term
Respiration: Bohr Effect
Definition
A lowering in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by a drop in pH. It facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglovin in vicinity of active tissues.
Term
Respiration: Partial pressures
Definition
The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases.
Term
Respiration: Gas exchange
Definition
The molecular trade between an animal and its surrounding environment involving the gain of O2 while losing CO2 and other waste products
Term
Respiration: Countercurrent exchange
Definition
The transfer of heat (or solutes) between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions.
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
Transport CO2 and O2
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
Defence and immunity.
Term
How does mammalian respiration exhibit negative pressure in breathing.
Definition
Pulling, rather than pushing, air into the lungs.
Term
Fetal hemoglobin vs adult hemoglobin
Definition
Fetal hemoglobin has a much higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin.
Term
Artery
Definition
A vassel that carries blood away from the heart to the organs.
Term
Vein
Definition
A vessel that carries blood towards the heart.
Term
Hemocyanin
Definition
Transports oxygen, second only to hemoglobin. Not bound to red blood cells.
Term
Blood pigments
Definition
A protein, contained in the erythrocytes in vertebrates, that greatly increases the amount of O2 that can be carried in the circulatory fluid.
Term
Larynx
Definition
Upper part of respiratory tract.
Term
Trachea
Definition
Windpipe
Term
Bronchi
Definition
Pair of breathing tubes that pass from trachea into the lungs
Term
Bronchioles
Definition
Fine branch of the bronchi that transports into the alveoli
Term
Alveoli
Definition
One of the dead-end air sacs where gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lung.
Term
Air flow
Definition
Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli
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