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Bio LAB
MIDTERM
128
Biology
4th Grade
02/24/2009

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Term
objective observations
Definition
are those that can be verified- repeated and consistently interpreted by different observers.
Term
subjective observations
Definition
are those that are observer-specific and may not be interpreted in the same way by different people. (opinion/feelings)
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Reproduction is mainly asexual.
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
1.Observations, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Perform a controlled experiment, Results, Conclusion
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
cells with a nucleus, lysosomes, ER, Golgi, and mitochodrion
Term
bacteria
Definition
prokaryotes. they convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into forms that can be used by plants. Decomposers. Two types-photosynthetic and chemosynthetic.
Term
Bacilli
Definition
A shape of bacteria. Rod-shaped.
Term
Cocci
Definition
A shape of bacteria. Small spheres
Term
spirilla
Definition
A shape of bacteria. Corkscrew-shaped
Term
Bacteria in yogurt
Definition

[image]

 

It converts the milk to yogurt

Term
Gloeocapsa
Definition
unicellular[image]
Term
Oscillatoria
Definition
Colonial Bacteria. have chlorophyll a, which gives them their color. [image]
Term
lactobacillus acidophilus
Definition
[image]
Term
yeast
Definition
Form very large colonies over 4mm wide, strikingly white and glistening and very raise. staining will show large, oval cells.[image]
Term
Staphylococcus
Definition
Forms 2-3mm wide, moist-looking colonies that are opaque off-white or sometimes yellow. Gram-positive may be seen in bunches.
Term
Gram staining.
Definition
Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining. This is in contrast to Gram-negative bacteria, which cannot retain the crystal violet stain, instead taking up the counterstain (safranin or fuchsin) and appearing red or pink. Gram-positive organisms are able to retain the crystal violet stain because of the high amount of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Gram-positive cell walls typically lack the outer membrane found in Gram-negative bacteria.
Term
Streptococcus
Definition
forms tiny colonies less than 1mm wide, transparent, and barely off-white in color and stains as a gram-positive coccus. Common in nose and mouth.
Term
Bacillus
Definition
forms large colonies over 3mm wide, usually off-white, opaque and often waxy looking. Stains as large, gram-positive.
Term
Coliforms
Definition
typically 2-3mm wide, transparent, off-white and frequently foul-smelling colonies, quite well looking. stains as small, gram-negative. common in intestines.
Term
pseudomonas
Definition
similar to coliforms but often forms characteristic yellow-green, green or blue-green pigment, which diffuses into the medium.
Term
Molds
Definition
hairy looking colonies, stains show hyphae (broken ends and size distinguish them from bacilli)
Term
osmosis
Definition
moves water from low solute concentraion to high solute concentration.
Term
diffusion
Definition
particles move spontaneously with the concentration gradient (high to low)
Term
paramecium
Definition
Have one food vacuole

[image]

single-celled organism belonging to the phylum ciliophora. They are heterophobic, therefore they live in fresh water. They have numerous hair-like cilia along the cell membrane over the entire body cell, which are used for locomotion and food capture.

Term
contractile vacuoles
Definition
in paramecium, one on each end. They remove excess fluids from the cell
Term
macronucleus
Definition
in ciliates, controls cell maintenance functions.
Term
micronucleus
Definition
in ciliates, responsible for genetic and reproductive functions, including producing macronucleus.
Term
Euglena
Definition

Unicellular organism. Photosynthetic and contains chlorophyll a and b. They require vitamins to surround and ingest food particles.

[image]

Term
Volvox
Definition

Connected to one another by thin cytoplasmatic strands. Produce daughter colonies inside the parent, which are released when the parent colony bursts.

[image]

Term
Endosymbiont theory
Definition
implies that cloroplasts, along with the mitochondria were once themselves prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by and, through evolutionary processes, developed symbiotic relationship with their host cells.
Term
Elodea
Definition
Common pond weed found in NC. [image]
Term
Plasmolysis
Definition
is cellular shrinkage occuring as a result of a cell being exposed to a hypertonic (high concentration)  solution and therefore losing its water
Term
Onion cells
Definition
[image]
Term
Skin cells
Definition
[image]
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water
Term
Thylakoid membrane
Definition
takes care of absorbing the light.
Term
Stroma
Definition
Where the carbohydrate formation or synthisis reactions take place. It's the fluid within the chloroplasts that surrounds the thylakoids.
Term
Hill reactions
Definition
The oxygen given off comes from water. Electrons reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
Term
hill reaction analysis.
Definition
More reaction, clearer substance. 2DPIP+2H20+chloroplasts--> 2DPIPH2+O2
DPIP is reduced
Term
Introduction of report
Definition
contains variables, hypothesis, background info.
Term
Materials and methods of report
Definition
Contains materials, methods and controls
Term
Results of report
Definition
contains data
Term
discussion of report
Definition
contains the claim on hypothesis.
Term
Rf value in chromatography
Definition
= distance substance travels/distance solvent travels
Term
Chromatography
Definition
Polar molecules get absorbed and don't move, non-polars go.
Term
Photosynthesis Rate
Definition
= change in %T/ change in time
Term
TA name
Definition
Kathryn Hamilton
Term
dominant
Definition
an allele that is always expressed
Term
phenotype
Definition
appearance
Term
recessive
Definition
an allele that is always expressed only in the homozygous condition
Term
genotype
Definition
genetic makeup
Term
Law of Segregation
Definition
-for diploid organisms each chromosome in a matching pair (i.e., each homologous chromosome) has an equal chance of being passed on to a given gamete through meiosis.
-Each gamete has an equal chance of receiving one allele or the other from the parent for every single gene.
Term
Gregor Mendel
Definition
came up with the law of segregation
Term
independent assortment
Definition
Mendel's second law. it states that in meiosis different(non-homologous ) chromosomes assort into gametes independently from one another.
Term
genotype ratios
Definition
9:3:3:1
1:1:1:1
Term
Chi squared
Definition
sum( (expected-observed)^2/expected)
To the left of 0.2 it is chance, to the right is by some other factor. degrees of freedom= # of observations- 1
Term
Klinefelter's male
Definition
XXY. Unusual body proportions and sterility; subnormal mental ability.
Term
Turner's female
Definition
XO. Short stature; webbing of the neck; may have low ability and sterility
Term
Super female
Definition
XXX. may have low mental ability; fertile
Term
"cri du chat"
Definition
catlike cry; severe physical and mental abnormalities; non-lethal
Term
Patau's syndrome
Definition
Physical abnormalities; lethal soon after birth.
Term
Edward's syndrome
Definition
Unusual features of the head and fingers; often dies in infancy
Term
Down's syndrome
Definition
Characteristic facial features; low mental ability; stocky build; sometimes heart defects
Term
XXY Condition
Definition
May have above average height
Term
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition
is a hereditary disease affecting the exocrine (mucus) glands of the lungs, liver, pancreas, and intestines, causing progressive disability due to multisystem failure.
Term
sickle cell anemia
Definition
a life-long blood disorder characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickling decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various complications. The sickling occurs because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. Life expectancy is shortened, with studies reporting an average life expectancy of 42 and 48 years for males and females, respectively.
Term
PKU
Definition
is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). This enzyme is necessary to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine to the amino acid tyrosine. When PAH is deficient, phenylalanine accumulates and is converted into phenylpyruvate (also known as phenylketone), which is detected in the urine.[citation needed]

Left untreated, this condition can cause problems with brain development, leading to progressive mental retardation and seizures. However, PKU is one of the few genetic diseases that can be controlled by diet. A diet low in phenylalanine and high in tyrosine can be a very effective treatment. There is no cure. Damage done is irreversible so early detection is crucial.
Term
Two parts to evolution
Definition
genetic variation and differential reproduction
Term
evolution
Definition
the change in frequency of different alleles in a population from generation to generation.
Term
mantle
Definition
thin, fleshy layer that secretes a hard shell
Term
radula
Definition
rasp-like structure in the mouth, used for scraping algae and drilling into hard shells of other molluscs as seen in predatory gastropods.
Term
Chiton
Definition
Class polyplacophora. They have an elongated, flattened body protected by segmented shells secreted by the mantle. Use ventral foor for clinging to rocks.
Term
Clam
Definition
Class bivalvia. Usually sedentary although they can move by digging their foot. Filter feeders, with no radula. Have a shell. Have hinge ligament, siphons, muscular foot, gills. Born males, mature in females.
Term
hinge ligament
Definition
used to keep the organs together.
Term
siphons
Definition
modification of the mantle. In freshwater, they are important in portecting the larvae until they can be released.
Term
gills
Definition
in clams, they are used for respiration and for feeding. Water is filtered in the gills and particles attach to mucus on the gills. They function as brood chambers
Term
snail
Definition
class gastropoda. only mollusc that can be found on land. They undergo torsion.
Term
operculum
Definition
a cover that closes in an aquatic snails
Term
Torsion
Definition
results in asymmetric adults. Is a process where, during development, the visceral mass and mantle rotate so that the anus ends up lying in the anterior body over the head and mouth.
Term
Squid
Definition
Class cephalopoda. Considered advanced molluscs because they are very active predators and open ocean swimmers. Don't have radula, got tentacles instead. Their siphon is a modification of the foot, not of the mantle like in clams.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
make reactions in cells go at a speed necessary to maintain life.
Term
catalysts
Definition
chemicals which do not change or become consumed in reactions, but speed them up.
Term
why 540 wavelength
Definition
it corresponds to green, because the benzoquinone(product) is orange and absorbs the green light.
Term
enzyme experiment has catechol being ______ in the presence of _______
Definition
oxidized; catecholase
Term
cofactor
Definition
required for enzymes to achieve active conformation(proper shape). In order to test which one is the cofactor, it is the one which causes the most product to be formed.
Term
urogential papilla
Definition
in female pigs, a small bud-like protusion, just ventral to the anus.
Term
Caudal
Definition
same as posterior; the tail end.
Term
male urogenital opening
Definition
on a small mound just posterior to the umbilical cord on the ventral side.
Term
epitrichum
Definition
the layer of epidermis sloughed off as more is produced
Term
2 fetal features
Definition
umbilical cord and curled hooves
Term
umbilical cord
Definition
has 2 umbilical arteries(deoxygenated) and 1 umbilical vein(oxygenated). Has alantoic stalk, which removes waste from the fetal bladder
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
the upper cavity; the chest area
Term
bile
Definition
store in the gall bladder. It is a by-product of the breakdown of hemoglobin.
Term
pyloric sphincter
Definition
a circular muscle which prevents backflow of contents from the intestine to the stomach
Term
meconium
Definition
a greenish-black material formed mostly from amniotic fluid and sloughed-off cells that fills the fetal digestive system.
Term
duodenum
Definition
The first loop of the small intestine
Term
mesentery membrane
Definition
holds the pancreas in place
Term
pancreas
Definition
has both digestive and endocrine functions
Term
peritoneum
Definition
lines the body cavity
Term
caecum
Definition
blind sac, where the small intestine meets the large intestine
Term
appendix
Definition
caecum in humans
Term
epiglottis
Definition
a device designed to keep the respiratory and digestive systems separate
Term
glottis
Definition
the opening into the respiratory system
Term
esophagus
Definition
the first part of the digestive system.
Term
pleural cavities
Definition
where the lungs are found
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
where the lungs/heart are.
Term
peritoneum
Definition
lines the abdominal cavity
Term
adrenal gland
Definition
next to the kidney, part of the endocrine system.
Term
ureter
Definition
connects the kidney to the urinary bladder
Term
vas deferens
Definition
small tubes leading to the spermatic cord
Term
cervix
Definition
the mouth of the womb
Term
pericardium
Definition
a translucent membrane covering the heart
Term
thymus
Definition
a spongy tissue covering the hear, part of the immune system
Term
atria
Definition
two upper, smallet, thin-walled receiving chambers in the heart
Term
ventricles
Definition
lower 2 parts of heart, the pumping chambers
Term
gubernaculum
Definition
the ligament which joins the testes to the scrotal sac
Term
coronary vein and artery
Definition
splits the two ventricles
Term
aortic arch
Definition
the curve of the aorta
Term
precaval vein
Definition
drains the upper part of the body
Term
postcaval vein
Definition
drains the lower part of the body
Term
hepatic portal vein
Definition
drains the small intestine and delivers the blood to the liver
Term
foramen ovale
Definition
one of the fetal heart adaptations that help bypass the lungs. located between the two atria allowing some blood flowing into the right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium without being sent to the lungs
Term
ductus arteriosus
Definition
a connection between the pulmonary artey and the systemic trunk
Term
dura mater
Definition
attaches the brain to the skull
Term
Gram staining procedure
Definition
Cover the slide with a pool of Crystal violet. Rinse and replace with Gram's iodine. Tilt over and trickle acetone-alcohol over it to decolorize the smear. Rinse the slide and apply Safarin stain. rinse.
Term
probability of one event OR another
Definition
probability of event A + prob of event B
Term
prob of A AND B
Definition
prob A*prob B
Term
nitrogen fixation
Definition
bacteria convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into forms that can be used by plants
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