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Bio II Lecture Exam
Chapters 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 Biology 8th edition by Campbell & Reece
229
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/11/2011

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Term
Eukaryotic
Definition
__ cells have a membranous nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles, such as mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, and chloroplasts
Term
more
Definition
eukaryotes have a __ comples cellular structure in comparison to prokaryotes
Term
Protist
Definition
__ is a convenient term that means “eukaryote that isn’t a fungus, animal or plant
Term
paraphyletic
Definition
protists are a __ group
Term
protists
Definition
Most eukaryotic lineages are __
Term
unicellular
multi-cellular
Definition
protists are usually __ or form small __ colonies
Term
nutritionally
Definition
protists are __ diverse
Term
water
Definition
protists mostly occur in __
Term
sexual and asexual
Definition
protists have __ and __ reproduction
Term
organelles
Definition
protists possess specialized __
Term
diverse
Definition
protists are highly __
Term
simplest
Definition
Single-celled protists are considered the __ eukaryotes
Term
subcellular organelles
Definition
Unicellular protists carry out essential biological functions using __
Term
photoautotrophs
heterotrophs
mixotrophs
Definition
Some protists are __ and contain chloroplasts
Some protists are __, absorbing organic molecules or ingesting larger food particles
Some protists are __, combining photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
Term
endosymbiosis
Definition
Protist diversity originates in __, the process in which certain unicellular organisms engulf other cells, which become endosymbionts and ultimately organelles in the host cell
Term
plant-like (ex: algae)
Definition
Photoautotrophs are __ , they have chloroplasts
Term
plastid
Definition
cholorplasts are a class of __
Term
algae
plants
Definition
plastids are major organelles found in __ and __
Term
ingestive
Definition
__ = heterotrophs - food particles: animal-like (ex: protozoa)
Term
absorbtive
Definition
__ = heterotrophs - organic molecules: fungus-like (ex: oomycetes + others)
Term
photosynthetic/heterotrophic
Definition
__ = mixotrophic - animal/plant like (ex: Euglena)
Term
Euglena
Definition
__ can switch to heterotrophy in absence of light
Term
endosymbiotic model
Definition
In the __, small prokaryotes enter host or are engulfed prey or parasites. the host gains a selective advantage. the host an endosymbionts become a single organism
Term
cyanobacterium
Definition
One lineage of heterotrophic eukaryotes acquired an additional endosymbiont – a photosynthetic __ – that then evolved into plastids, which eventually gave rise to red algae and green algae
Term
eukaryotes
Definition
All __ have mitochondria
Term
bacteria
Definition
Mitochondrial DNA very similar to DNA of some __
Term
primary and secondary
Definition
Plastids evolved into plastids by __ endosymbiosis and __ endosymbiosis
Term
cyanobacteria engulfed by ancestral heterotroph and gave rise to green algae and red algae
Definition
the primary endosymbiosis that evolved plastids was what
Term
the red algae and green algae were engulfed by other heterotrophs and became endosymbionts themselves
Definition
the secondary endosymbiosis that evolved plastids was what
Term
DNA
membrane structure
Definition
plastid __ and __ is similar to cyanobacterium
Term
cyanobacterium in primary endosymbiosis
algal membrane
food vacuole
Definition
there are 4 membranes to plastids: 2 from inner/outer cell membranes of __, the 3rd from engulfed __, and the 4th from heterotrophic __
Term
vestigial
Definition
plastids contains a __ nucleus called a nucleomorph (lost to varying degrees in other lineages)
Term
"root"
Definition
the early branching order in the eukaryotic tree is not yet resolved. there is possibly no single __ which means that there could be multiple origins from different bacterial groups
Term
Excavata (the excavates)
Definition
_ – a recently proposed clade that has emerged from morphological studies of the cytoskeleton
Term
“excavated” feeding groove
Definition
Some members of Excavata have an __ on one side of the cell body
Term
diplomonads
parabasalids
euglenozoans
(each group is monophyletic)
Definition
The excavates include the __, the __, and the __
Term
plastids
mitochondria
Definition
Protists in the diplomonads and parabasalids lack __ and have modified __
Term
DNA, electron transport chains, or citric acid cycle enzymes
Definition
the diplomonadida and parabasala mitochondia do not have what?
Term
anaerobic
Definition
protists in the diplomonads and parabasalids are found in __ environments
Term
parasites
Definition
Many diplomonads are __
Term
diplomonad
(excavata)
Definition
__ = a protist that has modified mitochondira, two equal sized nuclei, and multiple flagella
Term
Giardia intestinalis
Definition
diplomonad that inhabits the intestines of mammals. it can infect people when they drink water contaminated with feces containing the cysts of the parasite. drinking such water can cause severe diarrhea
Term
boiling
Definition
__ the water kills the parasite giardia intestinalis
Term
feed
cysts
Definition
lifecycle: trophozoites - __ = (not resistant outside the host). __ = (resistant outside the host
Term
Giardia intestinalis
Excavates --> Diplomonads --> Giardia intestinalis
Definition
Most common cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis
Term
wont kill
will kill
Definition
chlorine __ spores. Iodine __ spores
Term
euglenozoans
Excavata --> euglenozoans
Definition
__ = member of diverse clade of flagellated protists that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites
Term
flagellated
Definition
the Euglenozoans mode of locomotion is __
Term
trypanosoma
--> Excavata --> Euglenozoans --> Kinetoplastids --> trypanosoma
Definition
__ causes sleeping sickness via tsetse flies
Term
euglena
Excavata --> euglenozoans --> euglenids --> euglena
Definition
__ = mixotrophs that in sunlight are autotrophic, but when sunlight is unavailable, they can become heterotrophic, absorbing organic nutrients from their environment. they are found in pond water
Term
Euglenid
Definition
_ – has a pocket at one of the cell from which one or two flagella emerge. it also lacks cell walls
Term
eyepot
light detector
pellicle
Definition
a euglenid has an __ which is a pigmented organelle that functions as a light shield, allowing light from only a certain direction to strike the light detector. it has a __ which is swelling near the base of the long flagellum; detects light that is not blocked by the eyespot; as a result euglena moves toward light of appropriate intensity, an important adaptation that enhances photosynthesis. it also have a __ which are protein bands beneath the plasma membrane that provide extra strength and flexibility
Term
Chromalveolata (the Chromalveolates)
Definition
__ – a large, extremely diverse clade of protists that has recently been proposed based on two lines of evidence: 1) some (though not all) DNA sequence data suggest that the chromalveolates form a monophyletic group. 2) some data support the hypothesis that the chromalveolates originated more than a billion years ago, when a common ancestor of the group engulfed a single-celled, photosynthetic red alga
Term
Alveolates
Chromalveolata --> Alveolates
Definition
__ have alveoli (small membrane-bound sac) under plasma membrane
Term
unknown
Definition
Function of alveoli = __; hypothesized that they may help stabilize the cell surface or regulate the cell’s water and ion content
Term
dinoflagellates
apicomplexans
ciliates
Definition
The alveolates include 3 subgroups: a group of flagellates (the __), a group of parasites (the __), and a group of protists that move using cilia (the __)
Term
Dinoflagellates
Definition
__ – characterized by cells that are reinforced by cellulose plates (cellulose armor plating) and have two flagella located in perpendicular grooves that make them spin as they move through the water
Term
unicellular
phytoplankton community
Definition
Dinoflagellates are usually __. they are abudant components of the marine and freshwater __
Term
blooms
Definition
Dinoflagellates __ – episodes of explosive population growth – sometimes cause a phenomenon called “red tide” in coastal waters. they appear brownish red or pink because of the presence of carotenoids, the most common pigments in dinoflagellate plastids
Term
LUCIFERASE
Definition
Some dinoflagellates are also bioluminescent because of the enzyme __
Term
apicomplexans
Definition
Nearly all __ are parasites of animals (some cause serious disease)
Term
MALARIA
Definition
__ is caused by an apicomplexan protist
Term
sexual
asexual
two or more
diploid
haploid
Definition
apicomplexan protists are parasitic, they have intricate life cycles with both __ and __ stages. Their life cycles often require __ host species for completion. they also have __ and __ stages
Term
sporozoites
Definition
The apicomplexan parasites spread through their host as tiny infectious cells called __
Term
Sporozoites
Definition
__: invade liver of host, multiply, and metamorphose to merozoite stage.
Term
Merozoites
Definition
__: invade RBCs, multiply. Emerge in waves to : 1. infect new RBCs. 2. produce eggs and sperm
Term
in
diploid
meiosis
Definition
in the life cycle of Plasmodium, the apicomplexan that causes malaria, the eggs and sperm are taken in by the mosquito. fertilization occurs __ the moquito and it produces a __ zygote. the zygote undergoes __ to produce the haploid sporozoites. mosquito bites a new host and the cycle is completed
Term
children
Definition
500 million clinical cases & 2-3 million deaths per year mostly in __, when they get malaria
Term
ciliates
Definition
large, varied group of protists named for their use of cilia to move and feed
Term
ciliates
Definition
Distinctive feature of __ = presence of two types of nuclei: tiny micronuclei and large macronuclei. A cell has one or more nuclei of each type
Term
macronucleus
Definition
the ciliates __ controls everyday function, asexual reproduction
Term
micronuclei
Definition
the ciliates __ are Required for sexual repro
Term
Stramenopiles
Chromalveolata --> Stramenopiles
Definition
__ are a group of marine algae that include some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on the planet, as well as several clades of heterotrophs. they have characteristic flagellum, which has numerous fine, hairlike, projections
Term
Kinetoplastids
Definition
__ – protists that have a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast
Term
flagellum
Definition
Stramenopiles have characteristic __, which has numerous fine, hairlike, projections
Term
Diatoms
Definition
__ – unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica (silicon dioxide) embedded in an organic matrix
Term
two
Definition
The diatoms wall consists of __ parts that overlap and provide effective protection from predators
Term
walls
Definition
Much of the diatoms strength comes from the delicate lacework of holes and grooves in their __
Term
asexually
mitosis
cysts
Definition
Most of the year, diatoms reproduce __ by __; each daughter cell receives half of the parental cell wall and generates a new half that fits inside it. Some species form __ as resistant stages
Term
is not
Definition
Sexual reproduction occurs but __ common in diatoms
Term
plankton
Definition
Diatoms are a highly diverse group of protists. They are a major component of __ both in the ocean and in lakes
Term
laminarin
Definition
Diatoms store energy in the form of a glucose polymer called __
Term
diatomaceous earth
Definition
Massive accumulations of fossilized diatom walls are major constituents of the sediments known as __, which is mined for as its quality as a filtering medium for many other users
Term
microscopic
Definition
When diatoms build their shells, they perform intricate, 3-D self-assembly of __ components
Term
nanotechnology
Definition
Diatoms help the field of __ – the fashioning of microscopic devices
Term
yellow
brown
Definition
Characteristic color of golden algae is from their __ and __ carotenoids
Term
biflagellated
Definition
Cells of golden algae are typically __, with both flagella attached near one end of the cell
Term
plankton
Definition
Many golden algae are components of freshwater and marine __
Term
photosynthetic
Definition
All golden algae are __, some species are mixotrophic
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
The mixotrophic golden algae can absorb dissolved organic compounds or ingest food particles by __
Term
unicellular
Definition
Most golden algae species are __, but some are colonial
Term
cysts
Definition
If environmental conditions deteriorate, many golden algae species form protective __ that can survive for decades
Term
brown
Definition
The largest and most complex algae are __ algae
Term
multicellular
Definition
Brown algae are all __, and most are marine
Term
temperate
Definition
Brown algae are common along __ coasts, where the water is cool
Term
carotenoids
Definition
Brown algae’s color comes from their __ in their plastids
Term
“seaweeds”
Definition
Many of the species commonly called __ are brown algae
Term
Thallus
Definition
__ – an algal body that is plantlike, but it lacks true roots, stems, and leaves
Term
cellulose
gel-forming
Definition
Brown algae seaweeds have unique adaptations, their cell walls are composed of __ and __ polysaccharides that help cushion the thalli from waves and reduce drying when the algae are exposed
Term
humans
Definition
Brown algae are important commodities for __
Term
Oomycetes
Definition
__ include water molds, the white rusts, and the downy mildews
Term
fungi
Definition
oomycetes were previously classified as __
Term
hyphae
Definition
Many oomycetes have multinucleate filaments (__) that resemble fungal hyphae
Term
cellulose
chitin
Definition
Oomycetes typically have cell walls made of __, the walls of fungi consists mainly of another polysaccharide, __
Term
oomycetes
fungi
Definition
In both __ and __, the high surface-to-volume ratio of filamentous structures enhances the uptake of nutrients from the environment
Term
do not
Definition
Although oomycetes descended from plastid-bearing ancestors, they no longer have plastids and __ perform photosynthesis
Term
decomposers
parasites
Definition
Oomycetes typically acquire nutrients as __ or __
Term
water molds
Definition
Most __ are decomposers that grow as cottony masses on dead algae and animals, mainly in freshwater habitats
Term
plant parasites
Definition
White rusts and downy mildews generally live on land as __
Term
Irish potato famine of the 19th century
Definition
oomycete phytophthora contributed to the devastating __
Term
foraminiferans, or forams
Definition
Protists called __, are named for their porous shells, called tests
Term
calcium carbonate
Definition
Foram tests consist of a single piece of organic material hardened with __. Pseudopodia extend through the pores and function in swimming, test formation, and feeding
Term
symbiotic algae
Definition
Forams also derive nourishment from the photosynthesis of __ that live within the tests
Term
ocean
fresh
Definition
Forams are found in both the __ and __ water
Term
90%
Definition
_ of all identified species of forams are known from fossils
Term
land formations
Definition
the fossilized tests of forams are part of marine sediments, including sedimentary rocks that are now __
Term
radiolarians
Definition
Protists called __ have delicate intricately symmetrical internal skeletons that are generally made of silica
Term
marine
Definition
Radiolarians are mostly __ protists
Term
pseudopodia
Definition
The __ of radiolarians radiate from the central body and are reinforced by bundles of microtubules
Term
Cytoplasmic streaming
Definition
The microtubules of radiolarians are covered by a thin layer of cytoplasm, which engulfs smaller microorganisms that become attached to the pseudopodia. __ then carries the captured prey into the main part of the cell
Term
ooze
Definition
After radiolarians die their skeletons settle to the seafloor, where they have accumulated as an __
Term
phycoerythrin
Definition
Many of the species of red algae are reddish, owing to a photosynthetic accessory pigment called __, which masks the green of chlorophyll
Term
greenish red
Definition
Red algae species adapted to more shallow water have less phycoerythrin and therefore may be a __ color
Term
deep
Definition
Red algal species may be bright red at moderate depths and almost black in __ water
Term
heterotrophically
Definition
Some red algal species lack pigmentation altogether and function ___ as parasites on other red algae
Term
Red
Definition
__ algae are the most abundant large algae in the warm coastal waters of tropical oceans
Term
multicellular
Definition
Most red algae are __
Term
filamentous
Definition
The thalli of many red algae are __, often branched and interwoven in lacy patterns. The base of the thallus is usually differentiated as a simple holdfast
Term
alternation of generations
Definition
Red algae have especially diverse life cycles, and __ is common
Term
flagellated stages
Definition
Unlike other algae, red algae have no __ in their life cycle and depend on water currents to bring gametes together for fertilization
Term
land plants
Definition
Green algae and __ are closely related
Term
paraphyletic
Definition
Green algae are a __ group
Term
chlorophytes
charophytes
Definition
Green algae are divided into two main groups, __ and __
Term
fresh water
Definition
Most chlorophytes live in __, but there are also many marine and some terrestrial species
Term
unicellular
Definition
The simplest chlorophytes are __ organisms. Various unicellular chlorophytes exist as plankton or inhabit damp soil. Some live symbiotically within other eukaryotes, contributing some of their photosynthetic output to the food supply of their hosts
Term
1. The formation of colonies of individual cells, as seen in Volvox and in filamentous forms that contribute to the stringy masses known as pond scum, 2.The formation of true multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation, as seen in the seaweed Ulva, 3. The repeated division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division, as seen in the multinucleate filaments of Caulerpa
Definition
Larger size and greater complexity evolved in chlorophytes by what three different mechanisms?
Term
sexual
asexual
Definition
most chlorophytes have complex life cycles, with both __ and __reproductive stages
Term
biflagellated gametes
Definition
nearly all chlorophytes reproduce sexually by means of __ that have cup-shaped chloroplasts
Term
isomorphic
Definition
alternation of generations has evolved in the life cycles of chlorophytes, including Ulva, in which the alternate generations are __
Term
land plants
Definition
the other main group of green algae, the charophytes, are the algae most closely related to __
Term
algins
Definition
brown algae is used as __: thickening and emulsifying agents in food and cosmetics industry
Term
petroleum
Definition
Foramenifera are important source of _
Term
greater
Definition
red algae can photosynthesize at __ depths
Term
is
Definition
red algae __ edible
Term
Unikonts
Definition
__ - closely related to fungi & animals, they include amebozoans
Term
alternation of generations
Definition
the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms; applies only to life cycles in which both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular
Term
alternation of generations
Definition
 1. The sporophytes are usually found in water just below the line of the lowest tides, attached to rocks by branching holdfasts
 2. Cells on the surface of the blade develop into sporangia
 3. Sporangia produce zoospores by meiosis
 4. The zoospores are all structurally alike, but about half of them develop into male gametophytes and half into female gametophytes. The gametophytes are short, branched filaments that grown on subtidal rocks
 5. Male gametophytes release sperm, and female gametophytes produce eggs, which remain attached to the female gametophyte. Eggs secrete a chemical signal that attracts sperm of the same species, thereby increasing the probability of fertilization in the ocean
 6. Sperm fertilize the eggs
 7. The zygotes grow into new sporophytes while attached to the remains of the female gametophyte
Term
organic material
recycle nutrients
Definition
fungi break down __ and __, allowing other organisms to assimilate essential chemical elements
Term
fungi
Definition
the kingdom __ is the neglected kingdom
Term
fungi
Definition
__ have an enormous biomass
Term
Armillaria
Definition
Honey fungus. Single organism: giant subterranean network of hyphae. Very large and old
Term
10,000
1.5 million
Definition
fungi have enormous species diversity with __ species described and have an estimated __ species
Term
heterotrophs
Definition
fungi have no chlorophyll, no fixing of carbon from C02 so they are therefore __
Term
absorptive
Definition
in fungi, Enzymes digest food outside body (__ heterotroph)
Term
Decomposers (saprobes), Parasites, Mutualistists
Definition
the Lifestyles of fungi are what?
Term
unicellular and multicellular
Definition
fungi are __ and __
Term
yeasts
Definition
an examples of single celled fungi is __
Term
asexual
Definition
__ reproduction in yeasts occurs by ordinary cell division or by the pinching of small “bud cells” off a parent cell
Term
Hyphae
Definition
__ – filamentous cell: absorb nutrients. non-motile – form fast-growing mass
Term
Mycelium
Definition
Hyphal network = __
Term
chitin
Definition
Fungal cell walls are strengthened by __ - strong, flexible, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide
Term
maximizes
Definition
Mycelium’s structure __ its surface area-to-volume ratio, making feeding more efficient. Fungal mycelium grows rapidly, as proteins and other materials synthesized by the fungus are channeled through cytoplasmic streaming to the tips of the extending hyphae
Term
septa
Definition
In most fungi, the hyphae are divided into cells by cross-walls, or __
Term
cell to cell
Definition
Septa have pores that allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from __
Term
coenocytic
Definition
•Some fungi lack septa and are known as __ fungi
Term
nuclei
cytokinesis
Definition
Coenocytic fungi consist of a continuous cytoplasmic mass having hundreds or thousands of __, it results from repeated division of nuclei without __
Term
haustoria
Definition
Some fungal species have specialized hyphae called __, which the fungi use to extract nutrients from – or exchange nutrients with – their hosts
Term
mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizal fungi
Definition
Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi with haustoria and plant roots are called __
__ = fungi that form mycorrhizae
Term
Ectomycorrhizal
Definition
__ fungi form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
Term
Arbuscular mycorrhizal
Definition
__ fungi extend their branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invaginations (pushing inward) of the root cell membrane
Term
vascular plants
Definition
Almost all __ have mycorrhizae and rely on their fungal partners for essential nutrients
Term
heterotrophs
outside
Definition
Fungi are __ , they do not ingest (eat) their food, they absorb nutrients from the environment __ of its body
Term
EXOENZYMES
Definition
Fungi absorb nutrients by secreting hydrolytic enzymes called __ into their surroundings. These enzymes break down complex molecules to smaller organic compounds that the fungi absorb into their bodies and use
Term
Cytoplasm, Mitochondria Ribosomes even nuclei
Definition
Pores in septa allow flow of what? __
Term
Decomposer
Definition
__ fungi break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material
Term
Parasitic
Definition
__ fungi absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts
Term
80%
Definition
Some parasitic fungi are pathogenic, they are responsible for __ of plant diseases
Term
Mutualistic
Definition
__ fungi absorb nutrients from a host organism, but they reciprocate with actions that benefit the host
Term
filaments
Definition
Most common fungal body structures are multicellular __ and single cells (yeasts)
Term
haploid
diploid
Definition
Nuclei of fungal hyphae and spores of most fungal species are __, although many fungi have transient __stages that form during sexual life cycles
Term
pheromones
Definition
Sexual reproduction begins when hyphae from two mycelia release sexual signaling molecules called __
Term
haploid
Definition
Fungi: Mushrooms & Mycelia: primarily __, with only brief diploid phases
Term
Heterokaryon
Definition
__ – mycelium with different nuclei
Term
plasmogamy
Definition
Union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia is called __
Term
Dikaryotic
Definition
__ – mycelium with two nuclei
Term
karyogamy
Definition
During __ the haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents, fuse, producing diploid cells. zygotes and other transient structures for during this stage or reproduction
Term
diploid
Definition
Karyogamy is the only __ stage in most fungi
Term
Meiosis
Definition
__ then restores the haploid condition, leading to the formation of spores that enable fungi to disperse
Term
(haploid) spores
Definition
many fungi reproduce asexually by growing as filamentous fungi that produce __ by mitosis
Term
sexually
Definition
many fungi species that produce spores asexually can also reproduce __ if they happen to contact a member of their species of a different mating type
Term
Giant puffball
Definition
__: Calvatia gigantea Up to 1.5 m diameter, 20 kg. up to 5 trillion spores
Term
Generalized fungal reproduction
Definition
__:
formation of heterokaryotic stage
Term
Exchange of genes
Definition
__: in plasmogamy a
form of crossing-over
Term
n + n
Definition
Heterokaryotic stage = __
Term
parents
Definition
Unfused nuclei from different
__
Term
Karyogamy
Definition
__ can occur from hours to
days or even decades to centuries
later..
Term
Karyogamy occurs
Definition
__ – haploid nuclei in heterokaryotic mycelium FUSE to form diploid mycelium
Term
summary morphology in fungi
Definition
Aerial spores, aerial fruiting bodies, mycelia in substrate
Term
Animalia
Definition
Kingdom Fungi and _ are more closely related to each other than either is to plants or most other eukaryotes
Term
flagellate
flagella
Definition
Fungi evolved from a __ancestor even though The majority of fungi lack __
Term
opisthokonts
Definition
The fungi, the animals, and their protistan relatives form a clade and members of this clade are called __
Term
unicellular
Definition
The ancestor of fungi was __ because fungi are more closely related to several groups of single-celled protists
Term
independently
Definition
Multicellularity in fungi & animals evolved __
Term
460 mya
Definition
First known fossil fungi __
Term
nucleariids
Definition
Fungi was closely related to __
– group of single celled protists that consists of amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria
Term
1 billion years ago
Definition
Animals and fungi diverged into separate lineages about __
Term
colonized land
Definition
Fungal diversity may have originated when multicellular plants and animals __
Term
Fungi
Definition
Earliest land plant fossils approx. 450 Mya have mycorrhizae. __ facilitated land invasion
Term
85%
Definition
__ of plants have mycorrhizae
Term
chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes
Definition
Most mycologists recognize five phyla of fungi, __
Term
inorganic nutrients
Definition
Fungi are well adapted as decomposers of organic material,they are primarily responsible for keeping ecosystems stocked with the __ essential for plant growth
Term
plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals
Definition
Fungi may form mutualistic relationships with __
Term
endophytes
Definition
All plant species studied to date appear to harbor symbiotic __ = fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm
Term
digestive
proteins and carbohydrates
digest
Definition
Some fungi share their __ services with animals, helping break down plant material in the guts of cattle and other grazing animals
As fungi grow, their hyphae develop specialized swollen tips that are rich in __
Fungi can also break down things into substances the insects can __
Term
Lichen
Definition
__ = symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae
Term
lichen
lichen surface
Definition
Fungus gives a __ its overall shape and structure and Algae or cyanobacteria occupy an inner layer below the __
Term
could not
Definition
In most lichens, each partner provides something the other __ obtain on its own
Term
Algae
Cyanobacteria
Fungi
Definition
__ provide carbon compounds
__ fix nitrogen and provide organic nitrogen
__ provide their photosynthetic partners with a suitable environment for growth
Term
sexually
Definition
Fungi of many lichens reproduce __ by forming ascocarps or basidiocarps
Term
asexual
Definition
Lichen algae reproduce independently of the fungus by __ cell division
Term
soredia
Definition
Asexual reproduction as a symbiotic unit also occurs commonly, either by fragmentation of the parental lichen or by the formation of __, small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae
Term
Haustoria
Definition
__ – hyphae specialized to penetrate host tissue
Term
mycosis
Definition
__ = general term for fungal infection that parasitize animals
Term
chytrids
Definition
1000 species; the globular fruiting body forms multicellular, branched hyphae. But some are single-celled; thought to be one of the earliest fungal groups to diverge from other fungi; are ubiquitous in lakes and soil; have cell walls made of chitin; paraphyletic group
Term
zygomycetes
Definition
1000 species; hyphae grow rapidly into foods such as fruits and bread;
Term
Glomeromycetes
Definition
160 species; are of great ecological importance because many plants form mycorrhizal associations with these fungi; Formerly thought to be zygomycetes; monophyletic group; 90% of all plant species have mutualistic partnerships with this fungi
Term
Ascomycetes
Definition
65,000 species; also called sac fungi; common to marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats; bear their sexual stages in fruiting bodies or ascocarps ; conidia are produced externally at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores;
Term
Basidiomycetes
Definition
30,000 species; important as decomposers and ectomycorrhizal fungi; also called club fungi; have long-lived, Dikaryotic mycelium; mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi ; includes mutualists that form mycorrhizae and two groups of destructive plant parasites: rusts and smuts; important decomposers of wood and other plant materials; best at decomposing the complex polymer lignin
Term
1.2 Billion Years
Definition
LIFE ON LAND: __ ago: Land began to host thin coatings of Cyanobacteria
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