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bio GRE study cards
bio GRE study cards
231
Biology
Graduate
11/04/2008

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Term
protein function
Definition
enzymes, transport, storage, membranes, cellular movement, messengers
Term
primary protein structure
Definition
linear order of amino acids
Term
secondary protein structure
Definition
alpha helix or beta sheet resulting from close amino acid interaction
Term
tertiary protein structure
Definition
bonding and interaction of amino acid side chains
Term
quaternary protein structure
Definition
multi subunit structures
Term
lipids overview
Definition
non=polar, storage, energy, membrane, protection, vitamins, hormones
Term
unsaturated fats
Definition
creates kinks and space within a membrane, helps resist solidifying in cool temp, adds membrane fluidity
Term
glycerides
Definition
esters made of glycerol and fatty acid chains
triglycerides are very hydrophobic
Term
phospholipids
Definition
phosphate makes one end polar
creates over amphiphilic molecule
emulsify fats-detergents
Term
chlyomicrons
Definition
lipid complex that surround and transport fat from intestine elsewhere
Term
carbohydrate overview
Definition
monosaccharides are bound together by glycosidic bonds
alpha-causes kinks in starch/glycogen
beta-straight chains in cellulose
Term
chitin
Definition
exoskeletons-beta linkages
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
info, storage, build proteins
Term
enzymes
Definition
bind specific substrates
lower activation energy
increase rxn rate
are unchanged by rxn
don't affect overall delta G
don't change rxn equilibrium
Term
active site
Definition
where substrate binds on enzyme
1-lock and key=spatial structures match
2-induced fit=active site is flexible
active site has catalytic site where rxn occurs, and binding site
Term
feedback inhibition
Definition
end product works to block original enzymes
Term
active site
Definition
where substrate binds on enzyme
1-lock and key=spatial structures match
2-induced fit=active site is flexible
active site has catalytic site where rxn occurs, and binding site
Term
complete inhibition
Definition
decreases enzyme productivity because molecules compete with substrate for active site
-can overcome by adding more substrate
Term
irreversible inhibitors
Definition
competative inhibitors that covalently bind to active site
-renders enzyme totally inactive
Term
pseudoirreversible inhibitors
Definition
inhibitors with high affinity for active sites
-hard to displace
Term
noncompetitive inhibitors
Definition
don't compete for active site
-act elsewhere on enzyme by changing enzyme shape
Term
allosteric inhibitors
Definition
bind elsewhere to enzyme and affect efficiency
Term
anabolic
Definition
requires energy
make bigger
Term
evolution
Definition
change in frequency of different alleles in a population over time
differential gene success
Term
Hardy-weinberg condition
Definition
no emigration or immigration
large population size
no net mutations
no natural selection
random mating
Term
taiga
Definition
coniferous forests, pine, spruce, fur
little or no undergrowth
acidic, nutrient poor soil
long cold winters
short rainy summer
ability to hibernate a must
seed-eating adaptations
Term
desert
Definition
driest biome
conserve water
produce seed/fruit quickly
Term
biome
Definition
distinct region characterized by temp, humidity, seasonal patterns, location
Term
tundra
Definition
long, harsh winters
reduced biodiversity
permafrost keeps plants short
Term
chararral and savanna
Definition
coastal
long, hot summers
short, rainy winters
fire-resistant plants
Term
temperate grasslands
Definition
shorter vegetation that savanna
fertile, nitrogen rich soil
Term
tropical grasslands
Definition
stable temp and day length year round
low nutrient soil
high nutrient turnover
Term
temperate deciduous forest
Definition
all four seasons
undergrowth is common
Term
primary ecological succession
Definition
gradual change of new and lideless areas into thriving ecosystems
Term
secondary ecological succession
Definition
rebuilding of an ecosystem after a major disturbance
end result is generally different from original community
Term
interference competition
Definition
species physically fight for resources
Term
exploitative competition
Definition
consuming same resources
Term
competitive exclusion principle
Definition
cannot coexist if competing for same resource
one species will eventually go extinct
Term
niche
Definition
an organism's role in its ecosystem
Term
fundamental niche
Definition
all potential resources a species can use in its environment
Term
realized niche
Definition
resources species actually uses
Term
species richness
Definition
number of different kinds of organisms a community contains
Term
relative abundance
Definition
how many members of a particular species appear in a given area
Term
biodiversity
Definition
species richness+relative abundance
Term
resilience
Definition
community's ability to survive through environmental change
Term
stability
Definition
community's ability to regain its original biodiversity following a change
Term
producers
Definition
lots of biomass and energy
harness light/chemicals to make sugars and other biomolecules
Term
consumers
Definition
primary-eat grass
secondary-eat primary consumers
take producer's energy and use it to grow and reproduce
Term
decomposers
Definition
break down dead producers and consumers
saprophytes, detritovores and scanvengers
Term
trophic level
Definition
different food chain levels
contain different energy levels
more complex food chains are more stable
Term
gross primary productivity
Definition
total chemical energy generated by producers
Term
net primary productivity
Definition
subtracts out energy used for respiration, etc
Term
population
Definition
group of organisms from a particular species that inhabit the same area
Term
exponential population growth
Definition
brief period of unlimited, rapid growth
many resources allow lots of breeding
often occurs in primary or secondary succession animals
R=b-d
Term
logistic population growth
Definition
levels out at carrying capacity, K
approach K and growth rate slows
Term
factors that limit K
Definition
food, water, sunlight, predators
Term
density-dependent limiting factors
Definition
affect population more as population gets bigger
food and space
Term
density-independent limiting factors
Definition
limit population growth regardless of size and adaptability
natural disasters
Term
K-selected
Definition
few, large offspring
parental care
long gestation and maturation
Term
r-selected
Definition
lots of babies
fast growth
short gestation
Term
parasitism
Definition
form of predation where one lives on or within the host in order to get energy or nutrients for itself
Term
commensalism
Definition
one benefits while other is neither benefited or harmed
Term
mutualism
Definition
species interact to increase mutual benefits
Term
what adds genes to the gene pool
Definition
gene flow and mutations
Term
what removes genes from the gene pool
Definition
genetic drift, natural selection, sexual selection
Term
balanced polymorphism
Definition
when two or more morphs of a trait exist side by side in a population for a long time
maintained because both traits get matings
Term
mechanisms to maintain polymorphism
Definition
heterozygous advantage
frequency-dependent selection
-when particular morph loses its advantage as it becomes more frequent
Term
linkage disequillibrium
Definition
certain alleles at different loci may be linked so traits coded for by these genes appear more frequently together than would be expected
closer=stronger linkage
Term
cline
Definition
graded series of phenotypic changes over climate change
Term
ecotypes
Definition
locally adapted variants of an organism different genetically from other local forms
Term
speciation
Definition
formation of a new species
emigration of alleles out of original pop
isolation leads to speciation if potential to interbreed is lost
Term
allopatric speciation
Definition
when physical barrier separates
Term
sympatric speciation
Definition
group becomes reproductively isolated within parent pop
-autoploidy or allopolyploidy
Term
genetic drift
Definition
results from sampling errors
change that occur in a population's gene pool generation to generation due to random chance
not due to selection
Term
founder effect
Definition
small colonizes new area
population diverges quickly from founder group
Term
bottleneck effect
Definition
narrowing of genetic diversity when part of a population is wiped out
remaining gene pool has random alleles to work with
Term
gene flow
Definition
movement of genes from one population to another
immigration or emigration
Term
prezygotic reproductive isolation
Definition
no gamete union-temporal isolation
physical inability to mate-mechanical iso
different courting behavior-behavioral iso
Term
postzygotic reproductive isolation
Definition
prohibits survival after fertilization
abortion-hybrid inviability
hybrids born sterile-hybrid sterility
fertile hybrids, but their offspring are sterile-hybrid breakdown
Term
group selection
Definition
act for good of group
Term
kin selection
Definition
inclusive fitness from cooperative behavior
helping relative helps your own alleles in long run
Term
gene-level selection
Definition
may not act on individual chromosomes
Term
artificial selection
Definition
selective breeding via humans
Term
adaptive radiation
Definition
emergence of many species from a common ancestor when environment changes rapidly
Term
sexual selection
Definition
relies on relative attractiveness of one potential mate over another
fewer heterozygotes in population due to nonrandom matings
Term
runaway selection model
Definition
attractive trait frequency increase until equilibrium is met between survival and mating benefit
Term
monogamy
Definition
costs of not being monogamous are too great
male fitness increase if he can block another insemination
can more easily defend territory
Term
polygamy
Definition
occurs when males have access to more resources
Term
polyandry
Definition
low density of males
Term
systematics
Definition
process of classifying organisms based on their phylogeny
Term
cladistics
Definition
grouping of species determined to be related because they share some feature
Term
divergent evolution
Definition
species arise overtime from one common ancestor
share homologous traits
Term
homologous traits
Definition
similar structure, different function
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
no common ancestor
analogous traits
Term
analogous traits
Definition
unrelated organisms converge on a similar trait.
similar function, different structure
Term
diploid
Definition
two copies of each chromosomes
two copies of each gene
Term
alleles
Definition
different forms of a gene
Term
law of segregation
Definition
two alleles for a given trait separate from one another during meiosis and end up on a different egg/sperm
Term
law of independent assortment
Definition
genes for a trait separate independent of genes for another trait
exception if gene linkage
Term
autosomal dominant
Definition
males and females equally likely to have trait
trait don't skip generations
trait present is corresponding gene is present
male-male, female-female transmission
Term
autosomal recessive
Definition
males and females equally likely to have trait
traits skip generations
only homozygous individuals have trait
traits appear in sibs without appearing in parents
if parents have trait and offspring does not, they are heterozygous carriers
Term
x-linked dominant
Definition
all daughters of a male with trait will also have trait
no male to male transmission
a female who has trait may or may not pass on affected X to offspring
Term
x-linked recessive
Definition
trait more common in males
all daughters of male with trait are heterozygous carriers
no male-male transmission
mother of males with trait are either heterozygous carriers of homozygous expressors
Term
pedigree take home message
Definition
males cannot be carrier of x-linked traits
cannot be carrier of a dominant trait
dominance has nothing to do with frequency
Term
incomplete dominance
Definition
single dominant allele cannot produce full phenotype alone
Term
penetrance
Definition
extent to which a gene expresses itself
Term
codominance
Definition
2 different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein such that both traits are phenotypically expressed
Term
polygene
Definition
coded for by many genes
degree to which one expresses the trait depends on dom/rec ratio
Term
epistasis
Definition
when second gene determines if first gene will be expressed or not
Term
mitochondrial inheritance
Definition
all genes present in one's organelle's have maternal origin
defects in mitochondrial DNA are always passed to offspring
Term
epigenesis
Definition
genomic imprinting
certain alleles seem to be coded differently depending on which parent they come from
seemingly identical genotypes yield different phenotypes
Term
triplet repeat extension
Definition
excess of repeats on certain chromosomes
neurodegenerative disease
can build up over time and lead to genetic anticipation
Term
restriction enzymes
Definition
recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave them
cut at palindromic DNA sections
cut asymmetrically leaving sticky ends for recombinant DNA manufacturing
Term
plasmids
Definition
cleave plasmid using endonuclease
put pieces together, some will recombine
allow plasmids to integrate with bacteria
recombinant plasmids contain own and foreign DNA
Term
what plasmids allow you to do
Definition
figure out function of a new gene
produce clinically useful substances
give bacteria a new function
Term
how to tell which bacteria picked up plasmid
Definition
put antibiotic resistance genes on plasmid and then plate bacteria on antibiotic surface
only those that got plasmid will survive
Term
gel electrophoresis
Definition
break down DNA into small fragments using restriction enzymes
use gel to separate by size
small fragments go far
Term
Sanger method of DNA sequencing
Definition
heat DNA to make it 1-stranded
copy unknown DNA piece using PCR
put into tube with labeled primers, DNA polymerase and CGTA nucleotides
primers allow free nucleotides to meet up with DNA strand
tubes have dideoxynucleotides which don't allow further binding after they've bound
run on gel to deduce original sequence
short distance=3' end of new strand, 5' end of complimentary strand
Term
Southern blot
Definition
using nucleic acid hybridization to probe DNA for specific sequences
make radioactive probe of DNA that is complimentary to what you're searching for
cut up choice DNA with restriction enzymes and run on a gel
bath in alkaline soln to denature DNA
wash DNA with probe
Term
RFLP's
Definition
length of fragment made by restriction enzyme will differ between people
compare DNA cross species of make DNA fingerprint
can be used to diagnose presence of disease gene
Term
PCR
Definition
way to amplify DNA
put DNA with DNA polymerase, DNA primers and free nucleotides in a tube
heat DNA to separate strands and then cool to allow primers to bind
repeat as needed
Term
transgenic animals
Definition
inject DNA directly into fertilized eggs
use animals to make human proteins
Term
cloning
Definition
use electric pulse to fuse mammary gland cell of donor to unfertilized egg cell that has had nucleus removed
put isolated diploid somatic cell in egg cell, fuse and bring to term
Term
genomic library
Definition
large collection of bacterial colonies or viruses each containing a particular foreign gene or DNA fragment
made by creating cDNA and cloning bacterial cells
Term
Northern blot
Definition
figure out how much mRNA is being transcribed from a gene
tells you how much a gene is expressed
mRNA is fed through agarose gel and radioactive cDNA probe can hybridize to it and light it up
compare differential gene expression in different tissues
Term
reporter genes
Definition
fuse it to regulatory region in inserted gene
produces lots of easily measured protein
controlled by same promoter region as gene of interest
can add mutations to see what it does to gene expression
Term
protozoan digestion
Definition
intracellular
pseudopods surround and engulf food
lysosomes have digestive enzymes
resultant simply molecules diffuse into cytoplasm
Term
paramecium digestion
Definition
cilia move food to oral groove
food vacuole forms around food
unusable goes to anal pore
Term
hydra digestion
Definition
tentacles bring food to mouth
food moves to gastrovascular cavity where it is digested
undigested food goes out mouth
Term
earthworm digestion
Definition
complete, one way, 2 opening tract
specialized regions of digestive system
Term
stretch receptors
Definition
in stomach
cause chief and parietal cells to secrete gastric juices
highly acidic and denatures 2' protein structures
causes connective tissue breakdown
proteases only work at low pH
Term
pancreatic fluid
Definition
rich in bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
full of enzymes to break down peptides and lipids
Term
secretory cells
Definition
make HCl, pepsinogen and mucous
HCL activates pepsinogen to form pepsin
Term
negative feedback loop for fat breakdown
Definition
cholecystikinin released in small intest
stimlate release of amylase, lipase, bile and pyloric phinctor contraction
released due to fat digestion products
gives fat more time to be digested by lipases when phincter is closed
Term
negative feedback loop for pH control of chyme
Definition
secretin stimulates bicarbonate ion release if too much chyme enters duodenem
shuts down pyloric sphincter
faster movement into duodenum causes faster pH drop in small intestine
Term
negative feedback loop for protein breakdown
Definition
gastrin stimulates release of HCl and pepsinogen to break down proteins and aa's in stomach
too many peptides and aa's downstream in duodenum means stomach is emptying too fast
Term
lacteal and goblet cells
Definition
on villi and microvilli
Term
amino acid and protein absorption
Definition
HCl and pepsin in stomach already denatured them
trypsin and chymotrypsin secrease by pancreas work in small intestine
neutral aa's just diffuse through
charged aa's move by active transport
Term
fatty acid and lipid absorption
Definition
bile salts in stomach already denatured them
breaks down fats so they're small enough to go directly into blood
too big=chylomicrons which are absorbed by lacteals and enter blood to go to liver
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
when oxygen binds to subunit 1, conformational change occurs so binding in next 3 subunits is easier
holds oxygen well until ppO2 is reached 40mmHg at which point it dumps O2
Term
insect cardiovascular system
Definition
open
blood and interstitial fluid=hemolymph
ventilation and cardiovascular systems separate
Term
annelid circulation
Definition
closed
blood doesn't mix with interstitial fluid
hearts form closed loops
Term
fishes
Definition
2 chambered heart
ventricles sends blood to gills
no oxy blood goes to heart
one circuit of blood
Term
mammalian circulation
Definition
2 circuits
right side pumps deoxy blood to lungs
left side pumps oxy blood out aorta>body
Term
systole
Definition
ventricles contract
Term
blood pressure
Definition
force per area blood exerts of blood vessel walls
systolic over diastolic
drop as you move away from heart
in veins, almost no pressure
Term
mammalian excretion
Definition
lungs, liver, skin, kidneys are excretion organs
Term
kidneys
Definition
filters blood in glomeruli
reabsorbs or rejects filtrate at nephrons
empties into renal pelvis which leads to bladder
Term
nephron specificity
Definition
water, salts, sugar, urea all pass through
proximal and distal convoluted tubules of loop are where much is reabsorbed into bloo
Term
proximal tubule
Definition
lined with Na and H ion exchange pumps
kicks out H and absorbs Na from filtrate
reabsorbs glucise by active transport
Term
loop of henle
Definition
absorbs H2O or salt
descending absorbs water only
Term
principle cells
Definition
in collecting duct, respond to hormone aldosterone which stimulate reabsorption of Na from collecting duct
released when blood pressure falls
Term
vasopressin
Definition
cause water reabsorption and decrease in urine production
Term
info about bacteria
Definition
have outer lipid bilayer
no cytoskeleton or membrane bound organelles
no nucleus, just nucleoid region with one circular DNA molecule
peptidoglycan cell wall

outer membrane=gram negative
asexual binary fission reproduction
Term
obligate anaerobes
Definition
cannot survive in oxygen
Term
photoautotrophs
Definition
photosynthesize
Term
protista
Definition
one celled eukaryotes
Term
animal like protists
Definition
rhizopod-pseudopods
ciliophora-ciliates
zoomastigophora-flagella
Term
fungus-like protists
Definition
Myxomycota-huge single cell with many nucl
acrasionmycota-independent 1-cell
haploid-diploid generation alternation
Term
plant-like protists
Definition
chlorophyta and algae-->modern plants
dinoflagellates and diatoms
shells of silica
Term
zygomycetes
Definition
repro via 2 dif repro strucutures
male and female structure on dif hyphae
cytoplasm of gametangia fuse via plasnogamy and haploid nuclei within each hyphae pair and fuse via karyogamy
Term
ascomycetes
Definition
female gametangia receieve haploid nuclei from male
female gametangia then begins to grow into hyphae
fused diploid nuclei divide by mitosis and fill asci with diploid ascospores
also can repro via asexual spores
Term
basidiomycetes
Definition
mushrooms
haploid hyphae meet following spore release
newly formed dikaryotic hyphae then form into new hyphae
also via budding
Term
lichens
Definition
fungus plus algae living in unpolluted environments
algae gives sugar
fungus absorbs water and houses algae
Term
porifera
Definition
lack true tissues or organs
2 cell layers
skeleton of cilica or calcium
radial symmetry
Term
protostomes
Definition
determinate cleavage
remove early cells, a new organism cannot form
Term
arthropods
Definition
segmentation with bending joints
hard chitin exoskeleton
molting
open circulation
Term
chordates
Definition
dorsal hollow nerve cord
notochord from mesodermal cells
muscular tail
gill slits
Term
membrane potential caused by...
Definition
DNA is neg due to phosphate
cellular proteins are neg charged
Na/K pumop loses one pos/turn
poassium leaks out passively
Term
when neuron gets stimulus...
Definition
voltage gated channels open
Na channels open and Na rushes in-depolarizes cell
potassium channels open and K rushes out
-hyperpolarization/repolarization
refractory period before next channel opening can occur
Term
action potential cascade event at synapse
Definition
reaches synaptic knob
voltage gated Ca channels at terminal end open up
influx of Ca causes neurotransmitters to fush with presynaptic membrane
excitatory neurotransmitters will bind to receptors on postsynaptic dendrite and cause Na channgel to open to start a new action potential
Term
telencephalon
Definition
process and integrate into
memory and creative thought
Term
diencephalon
Definition
spine and cortex relay
visceral function
endocrine control
Term
midbrain
Definition
motor control
visual and auditory relay
Term
sclera
Definition
white of eye
Term
choroids
Definition
layer in under sclera
supplied retina with blood
Term
retina
Definition
innermost layer with photoreceptors
Term
cornea
Definition
bens and focuses light to pupil
Term
pupil
Definition
diameter is controlled by iris
Term
lens
Definition
controlled by cilliary muscles which focuses image to retina
Term
rods
Definition
low intensity light, night vision, rhodopsin
Term
insulin and glucagon
Definition
igh blood glucose-insulin inhibited to rise blood glucose levels
glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown to increase blood glucose levels
Term
innate behavior
Definition
not learned
occur in response to a specific stimulus
evolutionarily costs less than learning
Term
imprinting
Definition
patterns presented during development get locked in
Term
habitualization
Definition
suppression of normal response to a given stimulus
can recover is stimulus is let up
reduce neurotransmitter release or receptors on postsynaptic membrane
Term
sensitization
Definition
repeated stimulation of sensory neuron leads to more sensitive response
local response
not long lasting
doesn't alter neuronal connections
Term
associative learning
Definition
links two events that appear to be related and produce same reponse
ie-salvating dog experiments
Term
myofibrils
Definition
filaments embedded in fibers
divided into contractile units called sacromeres
enveloped by sacroplasmic reticulum that holds Ca ions
Term
sacrolemma
Definition
membrane surrounding muscle fiber
propagate actions potentials along fiber
Term
actin
Definition
associated with troponin and tropomyosin
Term
myosin
Definition
thick filaments
Term
z lines
Definition
define each sacromere boundary and anchor actin
Term
M line
Definition
runs down sacromere middle
Term
I band
Definition
has thin filaments only
Term
H zone
Definition
has thick filaments only
Term
A band
Definition
spans length of thick and overlapping thin
doesn't change size during contraction
Term
muscle contraction
Definition
sacroplasmic reticulum releases Ca to sacroplasm
Ca binds to troponin and causes tropomyosin to change shape
causes myosin binding sites on actin to be exposed on tropomyosin
created actin-myosin cross bridges
myosin pulls actin toward H zone center shortening sacromere
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
1-2 central nuclei per cell
gap junctions so action potential spreads throughout heart
Term
spongy bone
Definition
where bone marrow is
Term
compact bone
Definition
outer portions of long bones
Term
diaphysis
Definition
long bone shaft, end is called epiphysis
Term
periosteum
Definition
fibrous sheath that protects bone
Term
osteons
Definition
deposits bony matrix
tiny channel surrounded by lamellae
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
break down bone, add Ca to blood
Term
Cilia structure
Definition
circle of 9 doublet microtubules
dynein arms join neighboring doublets
nexin links hold doublet together
Term
how cilia move
Definition
in presence of ATP, move one tubulin monomer to another which enables microtubules to slide past each other in regulated manner so cilium bends
denein release causes cilium to snap to upright position
Term
actin filaments
Definition
responsible for fast changing surface extensions such as pseudopodia
polymerizes at leading edge and elongates
Term
gemmules
Definition
internally formed asexual repro buds
Term
when is asexual reproduction preferred?
Definition
stable environments
no recombination needed
rapid increase in successful genotypes
Term
prophase 1
Definition
homologous chromosomes intertwine to form tetrad
chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross over
rejoin at chiasmata
Term
metaphase 1
Definition
homologous pairs (tetrads) line up at metaphase plate
Term
anaphase 1
Definition
homologous pairs separate and are pulled to sides
distribution of homologous chromosomes is random
Term
telophase 1
Definition
chromosomes still exist as connected sister chromatids
each daughter cell is haploid
Term
metaphase 2
Definition
chromosomes lines up
centromeres divide to separate 2 sister chromatids
Term
anaphase 2
Definition
sister chromatids separate
Term
seminiferous tubules
Definition
where sperm is produced, then move to Sertoli cells to be nourished
Term
epididymis
Definition
where sperm mature
Term
seminal fluid
Definition
made in seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands
Term
spermatogenesis
Definition
occurs in seminferous tubules
diploid spermatongonia forms a primary diploid spermatocyte during meiosis 1
meiosis 2- forms 4 haploid spermatids
mature into spermatozoa
Term
oogenesis
Definition
in ovarian follicles
diploid primary oocytes in ovaries
after first period, one primary oocyte undergoes meiosis 1 per month to produce unequal sized cells
secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis 2 if layers penetrated by sperm
forms mature ovum and polar body
Term
oocyte cell membrane layers
Definition
inner-zona pellucida
outer-corona radiata
Term
monozygotic twins
Definition
identical
1 zygote splits into 2 embryos
if split occurs after blastula stage, embryos share placenta, etc
Term
estrous cycle
Definition
ovulation period
no pregnancy leads up thickened uterine lining being reabsorbed
no bleeding
Term
menstruation
Definition
fertilization can occur
early=FSH and LH increase
follicle matures and egg ripens, estrogen increases and uterine lining forms
estrogen peaks and then stops-ovulation
if no fert-corpus luteum disintegrates and sloughs
Term
corpus luteum
Definition
leftover follicle after egg is released
secretes estrogen and progesterone
Term
trophoblast
Definition
surround blastocoel to form chorion and placenta
Term
ductus venosus
Definition
how fetal blood avoids liver
Term
foramen ovale
Definition
how fetal blood avoids pulmonary circulation and moves straight to lft atrium
Term
ductus arteriosus
Definition
fetal artery going away from lungs directly to aorta
Term
arteries with deoxy blood
Definition
fetal umbilical artery and adult pulmonary artery
Term
veins with oxy blood
Definition
fetal umbilical vein and adult pulmonary vein
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