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BIO Final Exam
Mcannelly
257
Biology
Undergraduate 3
12/10/2012

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Term
What can account for both the diversity and uniformity observed among living organisms on earth?
Definition
descent with modification
Term
elements have ___ type of atom
molecules have ___ type of atom
compounds have ___ type of atom
Definition
1, 2, 3 or more
Term
protons determine
Definition
identity
Term
neutrons determine
Definition
isotope
Term
electrons determine
Definition
chemical behavior
Term
Atomic number = # of
Definition
number of protons in the atom
Term
Mass number =

Atomic mass =
Definition
neutrons + protons
Term
(Neutrons =
Definition
mass number- protons
Term
the outermost shell is called the
Definition
valence shell
Term
a ____ bond is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
Definition
covalent
Term
_____ bonding is the electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Definition
ionic
Term
negatively charged ion
Definition
anion
Term
positively charged ion
Definition
cation
Term
is a measure of the attraction an atom involved in a bond has for the electrons of the bond.
Definition
electronegativity
Term
When two atoms bonded by a covalent bond have the same electronegativity the electrons will be equally shared. This is called ________ covalent bonding
Definition
non polar
Term
Covalent bonds with unequal electron sharing are called _______ covalent bonds.
Definition
polar
Term
2 examples of intramolecular forces of attraction
Definition
Van der Waals and hydrogen bonding
Term
________ are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges

are a result of electrostatic attraction between temporary dipoles (area of charge separation) and caused by movement of electrons in atoms and molecules.
Definition
Van der Waals
Term
Weak chemical bonds reinforce ____ of large molecules and help molecules_____
Definition
shapes; adhere to each other
Term
is reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.
Definition
chemical equilibrium
Term
is water polar or non polar?
Definition
polar
Term
water molecules form ____ bonds with each other
Definition
hydrogen
Term
4 water properties that facilitate live environment
Definition
Cohesive behavior
Ability to moderate temperature
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility as a solvent
Term
is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
Definition
surface tension
Term
water's specific heat is very
Definition
high
Term
________ is the amount of heat that must be absorbed (or lost) for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature by 1o C.
Definition
specific heat
Term
Heat is________when hydrogen bonds break
Heat is _______ when hydrogen bonds form
Definition
absorbed

Released
Term
ice is ____ dense than water
Definition
less
due to stability of hydrogen bonds
Term
is a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances
Definition
solution
Term
When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a
Definition
hydration shell
Term
stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid
Definition
colloid
Term
chemical reactions depend on
Definition
collision of molecules
Term
The more H+ ions there are in a solution, the more ____ it is.
Definition
acidic
Term
are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH– in a solution
Definition
buffers
Term
organic means ____
typically also have ___
Definition
having carbon in the compounds... usually have hydrogen too
Term
the idea that carbon-hydrogen compounds arise only in organisms.
LATER DISPROVED
Definition
vitalism...later disproved
Term
the view that all natural phenomena are governed by physical and chemical laws
Definition
mechanism
Term
determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms
Definition
electron configuration
Term
form the skeletons of most organic molecules
Definition
carbon chains
Term
are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Definition
hydrocarbons

THEYRE NON POLAR, reactions release a LOT of energy
Term
are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties:
Definition
isomers
Term
have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
Definition
structural isomers
Term
____ isomers have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements around a double bond
Definition
cis-trans
Term
are isomers that are mirror images of each other
Definition
enantiomers
Term
are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

The # and arrangement of these give each molecule its unique properties
Definition
functional groups
Term
are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
Definition
macromolecules
Term
fats are built from subunits via
Definition
dehydration
Term
are fats polymers?
Definition
NO
Term
Joining together two monomers by removing a molecule of water

repeat to make longer
Definition
dehydration
Term
Breaking apart monomers by adding water

repeat to break bond
Definition
hydrolysis
Term
the two disaccharides from carbs
Definition
sucrose- fructose & glucose
& lactose- galactose and glucose
Term
two types of polysaccharides are
Definition
cellulose

starch & glycogen
Term
monosaccharides are classified by
Definition
location of carbonyl group
Term
in aqueous solutions many sugars form
Definition
rings
Term
glycosidic linkage has what type of bond?
Definition
covalent
Term
storage polysaccharide in animals is

for plants its
Definition
glycogen

starch
Term
two forms of starch:
Definition
amylose-unbranched 4

amylopectin-branched 6
Term
Polymers with alpha glucose are
Definition
helical
Term
Cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as ________
Definition
insoluble fiber
Term
a structural polysaccharide that provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

nitrogen group attached to glucose
Definition
chitin
Term
the unifying feature of lipids is they have:
Definition
no/little affinity for water
Term
3 most biologically important lipids are:
Definition
fats, phospholipids, steroids
Term
fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules:
Definition
glycerol and fatty acids
Term
in a phospholipid...The two fatty acid tails are _____, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a _____ head
Definition
hydrophobic....hydrophilic
Term
phospholipids and cholesterol are very important in _____
Definition
cell membranes
Term
are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
Definition
steroids
Term
the bond between two amino acids is a ____ bond
Definition
peptide
Term
polymers built from the combinations of the 20 amino acids
Definition
polypeptide
Term
are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions
Definition
enzymes
Term
there are ___ different types of amino acids
Definition
20
Term
the order of the amino acids that form the polypeptide affects how the protein
Definition
folds together
Term
tertiary structure is determined by
Definition
interactions among various side chains (R groups)
Term
primary structure is based on the
Definition
the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
Term
secondary structure is due to the ___ bonds
Definition
hydrogen. between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
Term
4 types of interactions in tertiary structure are
Definition
disulfide bridges, van der waals, hydrophobic interactions and some hydrogen bonding
Term
is a fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope
Definition
collagen
Term
is a globular protein consisting of four polypeptides: two alpha and two beta chains
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
the loss of a protein's native structure is called
Definition
denaturation

which makes it biologically inactive
Term
protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins
Definition
chaperonins
Term
Alzheimer’s,
Parkinson’s
mad cow disease
Lou Gehrig’s disease

can all be caused by _____ proteins
Definition
mis-folded
Term
___ directs the synthesis of mRNA
Definition
DNA
Term
_____ RNA controls protein synthesis
Definition
messenger
Term
Each _____ consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
Definition
nucleotide
Term
a ____ has only a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar
Definition
nuceloSIDE
Term
Nucleotide: uracil instead of thymine
Single stranded
ribose v deoxy-ribose


these are characteristics of
Definition
RNA
Term
2 types of purines:
Definition
adenine and guanine (AG)
Term
the bonds holding together a base pair of DNA are ___ bonds
Definition
hydrogen bonds
Term
carries energy stored in bonds between phosphate groups
Definition
ATP
Term
_______ carry chemical signals between molecule
Definition
cyclic AMP
Term
3 types of cellular life:
Definition
archaea, bacteria, and eukaryota
Term
aqueous droplet surrounded by a membrane
Definition
protocell
Term
Lipids added to water can spontaneously form
Definition
vesicles
Term
4 types of life in the domain eukarya:
Definition
protists, fungi, plantae, animalia
Term
are protists eukaryotes?
Definition
YES AND SINGLE CELLED.
Term
Cell (plasma) membrane
Semi-fluid interior = cytoplasm (aka cytosol)
DNA organized into chromosome/s
Ribosomes

THESE 4 CHARACTERISTICS ARE COMMON TO:
Definition
ALL CELLS
Term
Cell (plasma) membrane
Semi-fluid interior = cytoplasm (aka cytosol)
DNA organized into chromosome/s
Ribosomes

THESE 4 CHARACTERISTICS ARE COMMON TO:
Definition
ALL CELLS
Term
3 main differences in eukaryotes that aren't in prokaryotes:
Definition
membrane bound organelles and TRUE nucleus, compartmentalized membranes!
Term
in prokaryotes, DNA is located in the unbound region called hte
Definition
nuceloid
Term
bacteria cell walls are made of
Definition
peptidoglycan
Term
a difference between archaea and bacteria is that archaea includes
Definition
extremophiles
Term
Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes occurs at the
Definition
plasma membrane
Term
_____ cells have a greater surface area relative to volume
Definition
small
Term
The_____ the surface to volume ratio, the less effective is exchange of gases & nutrients per unit of volume
Definition
lower
Term
To get big, increase ______ not cell size
Definition
# of cells
Term
light microscopy allows
Definition
you to see cells dead OR ALIVE
Term
light microscopy allows
Definition
you to see cells dead OR ALIVE
Term
TEM & SEM are both in the type of ___ microscopy
Definition
electron
Term
_____ Separates cellular components based on size and density
Definition
cell fractionation
Term
chloroplasts (plastids), central vacuoles, cell wall, plasmodesmata

these are only found in ___ cells
Definition
plant
Term
lysosomes, centrosomes & centrioles, flagella

these are only found in
Definition
animal cells
Term
The general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of _______
Definition
phospholipids
Term
________ use the information from the DNA to make proteins
Definition
ribosomes
Term
_____ regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus
Definition
pores
Term
The shape of the nucleus is maintained by the _____ which is composed of protein filaments
Definition
nuclear lamina
Term
In the nucleus, DNA and proteins form genetic material called ____ which condenses to make chromosomes
Definition
chromatin
Term
the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis is the
Definition
nucleolus
Term
In the cytosol (free ribosomes)
On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

these are the two places of _____ synthesis
Definition
protein
Term
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
These are the 6 components of the _________

These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by
Definition
endomembrane system; vesicles
Term
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
These are the 6 components of the _________

These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by
Definition
endomembrane system; vesicles
Term
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
These are the 6 components of the _________
Definition
endomembrane system
Term
The ER membrane is continuous with the
Definition
nuclear envelope
Term
different from the ROUGH ER the smooth ER has NO
Definition
ribosomes
Term
the smooth ER:
Definition
metabolizes carbs, synthesizes lipids & stores calcium
Term
Polypeptide often combined with carbohydrate is called a
Definition
glycoprotein
Term
transport vesicles leave Rough ER then travel to the
Definition
Golgi apparatus
Term
ROUGH ER produces
Definition
membranes for other parts of the cell
Term
flattened membranous sacs are called
Definition
cisternae
Term
Further modification of the glyco-proteins received from the ER
Modification of phospholipids
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles


ALL OF THESE ARE FUNCTIONS OF THE
Definition
golgi apparatus
Term
cis face is the ___ side of the golgi
Definition
receiving
Term
Last step before protein leaves golgi =
Definition
tagging
Term
Hydrolytic enzymes (lyzozymes) made in RER, travel through Golgi, and are packaged as _____ for use in cell
Definition
lysosomes
Term
a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest all macromolecules
Definition
a lysosome
Term
food vacuoles are formed when a cell engulfs another via ______
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
central vacuoles hold
Definition
organic compounds and water
Term
contractile vacuoles pump out ____
Definition
excess water out of the cells
Term
mitochondria and chloroplasts have 3 things in common:
Definition
own circular DNA, have proteins made of free ribosomes, and both have a double membrane
Term
mitochondria is necessary for ____ reactions
Definition
aerobic
Term
mitochondria extracts ___
Definition
energy from food molecules
Term
chloroplasts are members of the family of ___
Definition
plastids
Term
granum is a stack of
Definition
thylakoids
Term
the inner membrane of a ______ is usually not visible when viewed through an electron micrograph
Definition
chloroplast
Term
Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
Detoxify harmful compounds (alcohol) by converting to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Definition
peroxisomes
Term
Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
Organizes the cell’s structures and activities
Anchors many organelles
Definition
cytoskeleton
Term
Shaping the cell – resist compression
Guiding movement of organelles
Separating chromosomes during cell division
Major components of:
Centrioles & Centrosomes
Flagella
Cilia
Definition
microtubules
Term
The _______ is a microtubule-organizing center.
Definition
centrosome
Term
centrioles have ____ sets of microtubules in triplets
Definition
9
Term
Microtubules are responsible for the beating of ___ & ____
Definition
cilia and flagella
Term
cilia and flagella are anchored by a ____
Definition
basal body
Term
there are short and many ____

there are long and few ____
Definition
cilia...flagella
Term
A motor protein called ______ drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum
Definition
dynein
Term
muscle contraction, cell division (form cleavage furrow), cell motility (pseudopodia), tension bearing in maintenance of cell shape

these are the functions of
Definition
microfilaments
Term
microvilli of intestinal cells are made from bundles of
Definition
microfilaments
Term
Microfilaments that function in cellular motility contain the protein _____ in addition to actin
Definition
myosin

myosin in my microfil
Term
forms nuclear lamina, anchors nucleus and other organelles
are more permanent parts of the cytoskeleton than the other two classes
these are functions of the
Definition
intermediate filaments
Term
Non-motile
Functions in signal reception
Important in kidney, brain function and embryonic development.
Defect in it --> polycystic kidney disease
Definition
primary cilium
Term
gram negative type of bacterial cell wall has a ___ complex structure than gram positive
Definition
more
Term
thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells (pectin)
Definition
middle lamella
Term
allow passage of water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) from cell to cell
Definition
plasmodesmata
Term
THE ECM for animals is made up of
Definition
collagen, proteoglycan and fibronectin
Term
ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called
Definition
integrins
Term
Support and shape tissues
Movement – tracks for migrating cells during embryonic development
Affect signaling within the cell
Regulate: Secreted proteins & Immune response

functions of the
Definition
Extra Cellular Matrix
Term
(anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets
Definition
DESMOSOMES
Term
(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
Definition
GAP JUNCTIONS
Term
membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

these are called ___ junctions
Definition
TIGHT JUNCTIONS
Term
a problem with the Danellie fluid mosaic model is that: The membrane proteins are amphipathic which means
Definition
they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Term
is a specialized preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer
Definition
freeze-fracture
Term
Membrane fluidity depends on what types of
Definition
fatty acids compose the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids
Term
membrane fluidity is ____ dependent
Definition
temperature
Term
for membrane fluidity: At warm temperatures (such as 37°C), ______ restrains movement of phospholipids.

At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing
Definition
cholesterol
Term
davson and danellie proposed the ____ model which was later disproved
Definition
lipid sandwich
Term
for the fluid mosaic model ________ proposed that the membrane is a mosaic of proteins dispersed within the bilayer, with only the hydrophilic regions exposed to water.
Definition
singer & nicholson
Term
_____ proteins are bound to the surface of the membrane
Definition
peripheral
Term
_______ proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core.
Some extend through to outside and inside of cell.
Some extend only partway into the membrane on cross the entire membrane
Definition
integral
Term
The asymmetrical distribution of proteins, lipids, and associated carbohydrates in the plasma membrane is determined when the membrane is built by _____
Definition
the ER and Golgi apparatus
Term
_______ on the external side of the plasma membrane vary among species, individuals, and even cell types in an individual
Definition
glycoproteins
Term
_____ molecules, such as hydrocarbons, O2 and CO2 can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane rapidly
Definition
hydrophobic, nonpolar
Term
______ such as sugars and ions, do not cross the lipid membrane easily
Definition
polar/charged
Term
-never a direct connection between outside and in.
-Change shape which allows it to open first to one side and then the other

what type of transport protein is this?
Definition
carrier protein
Term
two types of transport proteins are:
Definition
carrier & channel proteins
Term
– form a water filled pore
Ions (Na+ and K+) pass through channels
Water also uses these called aquaphorins

what type of transport protein is this?
Definition
channel proteins
Term
No energy needed
High to low concentration
Examples diffusion, osmosis


this is describing ____ transport
Definition
passive
Term
Energy needed
Low to high or high to low concentration
Examples: Na+-K+ pump, H+ pump


these describe ___ transport
Definition
active
Term
is the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space
Definition
diffusion
Term
Factors that affect ___ diffusion :
Molecule size
Temperature
Medium
Volatility
Definition
simple
Term
is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

low to high solute concentration
Definition
osmosis
Term
_____ is the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Definition
tonicity
Term
Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane

this describes a ____ solution
Definition
isotonic
Term
Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water in a _____ solution
Definition
hypertonic
Term
Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water in a ____ solution
Definition
hypotonic
Term
Diffusion requires a _______ if the membrane is not permeable to the solute
Definition
membrane protein
Term
Facilitated diffusion is still ____ because the solute moves down its concentration gradient
Definition
passive
Term
____ transport moves substances against their concentration gradient
Definition
active
Term
Concentration gradient established by Na+/K+ pump favors movement of ______ into cell. Can be used to co-transport other solutes against their concentration gradient
Definition
Na+
Term
primary active transport uses __ as energy
Definition
ATP
Term
The ____ pump is the main electrogenic pump in plants, fungi, & bacteria
Definition
proton
Term
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
These processes require energy


these are describing traits/processes of ____ transport
Definition
bulk
Term
_____ is the voltage difference across a membrane
Inside of cell is negative compared to the outside
Usually about -70 mV
Definition
membrane potential
Term
____ can power:
Secondary active transport
Signals in neurons (action potentials)
Definition
electrochemical gradient
Term
is the sequence of events that leads to the cell’s response to the signal
Definition
signal transduction pathway
Term
___ is the conversion of the external signal to internal signals or reactions within the cell
Definition
transduction
Term
___ determines whether the cell is a target for a given ligand
Definition
receptor
Term
Binding of ____ to receptor leads to a chemical change inside the cell
Definition
ligand
Term
Cell junctions that directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
direct cell to cell contact, or cell-cell recognition


these are examples of ___ signaling
Definition
local signaling
Term
the two types of long distance signaling are:
Definition
endocrine and neural
Term
____ : produce hormones that are carried by the circulatory system to remote locations within the organism.

this is a type of long distance signaling
Definition
endocrine
Term
a type of long distance signaling where: Electrical transmission along neurons
Definition
neural
Term
a signal molecule is also called a
Definition
ligand
Term
_____ receptor=
Larger or polar signals. The peptide hormone insulin is hydrophilic and cannot pass through the cell membrane. The insulin receptor is a transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain
Definition
membrane bound
Term
____ receptors=

Small or nonpolar signals. The steroid hormone estrogen is lipid soluble and can pass through the cell membrane
Definition
cytoplasmic
Term
membrane bound receptors bind
Definition
large and polar signals
Term
cytoplasmic receptors bind _____ signals
Definition
small and nonpolar
Term
receptors can be in these three places:
Definition
the nucleus, the cytoplasm (for lipophylic) or on the cell membrane
Term
1. Ion channels
2. G protein coupled receptors
3. Receptor enzymes
Example receptor tyrosine kinase

these are the 3 MAIN types of
Definition
membrane receptors
Term
____ channels are
Ligand gated
Voltage gated
Mechanically gated
Definition
ion

type of membrane receptor
Term
= enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation
Definition
kinase
Term
In many pathways, the signal is transmitted by a cascade of__________________
Definition
protein phosphorylations
Term
Protein phosphatases remove the phosphates from proteins, a process called _____________
Definition
dephosphoylation by hydrolysis
Term
direct Change initiated by membrane receptor/ligand is via
Definition
ion channels
Term
signal transduction pathways involve involve activation of proteins within the cell by
Definition
phosphorylation
Term
cAMP
Ca2+
IP3 (diffuses through cytoplasm) and DAG (lipid soluble - remains associated with membrane)

these 3 are examples of _____ in a signal transduction pathway
Definition
second messengers
Term
When it’s time to stop the signal cascade, enzymes break down _____
Definition
cAMP
Term
IP3 acts on __________ to release Ca2+ which then also acts as a second messenger (even though it’s #3!)

in signal transduction pathways
Definition
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Term
Protein kinase activates (phosphorylates) enzyme while _______________ inactivates (dephosphorylates)
Definition
phosphotase
Term
Adenylyl cylase forms cAMP while ________________ inactivates cAMP
Definition
phosphodiesterase
Term
the capacity to cause change (do work)
Definition
energy!
Term
________ pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

The synthesis of protein from Amino acids
Definition
Anabolic pathways
Term
release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds


Cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen,
Definition
catabolic pathways
Term
1st law of thermo
Definition
Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
Term
every energy transfer increases
Definition
entropy of the universe
Term
When energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work.


this is the
Definition
2nd law of thermo
Term
earth is an ____ system
Definition
open
Term
free energy symbol
Definition
delta G
Term
total energy is
Definition
enthalpy
Term
If ΔG is negative, free energy is _______
Definition
released
Term
No outside energy input needed = __________ process
Definition
spontaneous
Term
During a spontaneous change, free energy _____ and the stability of a system ____
Definition
free energy decreases and stability increases
Term
A process is spontaneous and can perform work only when it is moving toward ____
Definition
equilibrium
Term
only ____ reactions can be energy coupled
Definition
exergonic
Term
ATP drives____ reactions by phosphorylation, transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant
Definition
endergonic
Term
making ATP is a ____ reaction
Definition
endergonic
Term
Hydrolysis of ATP yields_____
Definition
free energy
Term
Activation energy changes the reactants into unstable forms with higher free energy which are called
Definition
transition state intermediates
Term
reactants are called
Definition
substrates
Term
substrate molecules bind at the
Definition
active site
Term
the _____ of the enzyme determines the _____
Definition
3D shape determines which molecules they interact with
Term
Enzymes ____ the energy barrier for reactions.
Definition
lower
Term
Enzymes can temporarily add ______ to substrates.
Definition
chemical groups
Term
Binding of substrate to the active site depends on ____ bonds, attraction and repulsion of electrically charged groups, and hydrophobic interactions.
Definition
hydrogen
Term
Binding of substrate to the active site depends on ____ bonds, attraction and repulsion of electrically charged groups, and hydrophobic interactions.
Definition
hydrogen
Term
cofactors are
Definition
inorganic ions
Term
Small carbon-containing molecules; not bound permanently to enzymes are called
Definition
coenzymes
Term
The more substrate, the ________ the reaction
Definition
faster
Term
Naturally occurring _______ are important in regulating metabolism.
Definition
inhibitors
Term
Inhibitor covalently bonds to side chains in the active site—permanently inactivates the enzyme.

this is called ____ inhibition
Definition
irreversible
Term
An effector molecule binds to a regulatory subunit, inducing the enzyme to change its shape.

this is called ____ regulation
Definition
allosteric
Term
In ___________ inhibition, the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway
Definition
feedback
Term
if there are a lot of bacteria then ____ can occur
Definition
bioluminescence
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