Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Bio Final
.
48
Biology
9th Grade
06/19/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Genetic Engineering
Definition
Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism.
Term
Gel Electrophoresis
Definition
Made by cutting DNA into fragments, DNA is negativly charged, fragments put into jello that is positive at the end. Electricity runs through jello, long fragments move slower than fast.
Term
Recombinant DNA
Definition
DNA molecules produced by combining DNA from different sources.
Term
Sex-linked genes
Definition
Genes located on chromosomes that determine sex.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
The process in which the number of chromosomes per diploid cell is cut in half to make 4 haploid cells (gametes). Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2.
Term
Crossing-Over
Definition
Occurs in meiosis 1, exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes when they form tetrads and produces new combinations of alleles.
Term
Punnett Square
Definition
A diagram used to determine possible gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross.
Term
RNA
Definition
Disposable copy of a segmnt of DNA. Contains Ribose, single stranded, & contains uracil instead of thymine.
Term
Transcription
Definition
Occurs in the nucleus, RNA polymerase binds to DNA & separates the strands. Then the strand is used as a template from which which nucleotides are assembled into mRNA.
Term
Translation
Definition
Process that takes place in the ribosomes in which tRNA brings amino acid to codon to make amino acid strand (protein).
Term
Mutations
Definition
Chages in the genetic material.
Term
Pedigree
Definition
A chart that shows the relationships within a family.
Term
Mitosis
Definition
The division of a symmiatic (body) cell nucleus resulting in 2 diploid cells. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis. 
Term
DNA
Definition
Contains two long strands of nucleotides twisted in the shape of a double helix. Contains sugar (deoxyribose) + Phosphate + nitrogen bases (AGTC)conected with hydrogen bonds.
Term
Genotype
Definition
The genetic makeup
Term
Phenotype
Definition
Physical characteristics.
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
Darwin noticed living things produce more than can survive, observed there were little resources. He infered that there is competition, organisms best adapted survived and passed adaptations to offspring (natural selection).
Term
Law of Dominance
Definition
Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
Term
Law of Segregation
Definition
When chromosomes (alleles) are separated during gamete formation (anaphase 1 of meiosis)
Term
Law of Independent Assortment
Definition
The process by which genes for different traits segregate independently during Meiosis 1.
Term
Incomplete Dominance
Definition

When heterozygous individuals show a blended intermediate phenotype.

ex. Rr= pink flowers

Term
Co-dominance
Definition

When both alleles are expressed in a trait.

ex. AB blood type

Term

messenger RNA

(mRNA)

Definition
Carries information from DNA (nucleus) to the ribosome.
Term

Transfer RNA

(tRNA)

Definition
Brings the amino acid (in codon) to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein.
Term
Asexual Reproduction
Definition
One parent reproduces offspring genetically identical to each other and their parents. Able to reproduce alot of offspring quickly.
Term
Sexual Reproduction
Definition
Two parents have offspring with genetic variation, helps with evolution.
Term
Polygenic
Definition

Two or more genes contributing to a phenotype, many different variations.

Ex: skin color

Term
Divergent Evolution
Definition
Organisms that have a common ancestor but separate and evolve into separate species.
Term
Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms
Definition

Animals: Eukaryotes, no cell walls

Plants: Eukaryotes, cellulose cell walls

Fungi: Eukaryotes, chitin cell walls

Protists: Heterotrophic, have cell walls

Term
Six Kingdoms
Definition
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Term
Population
Definition
Single species of organism in an area.
Term
Community
Definition
All organisms in an area.
Term
Sucession
Definition
Series of environmental changes that occcurs in a community over time.
Term
Homologous Structures
Definition
Structures with similar development but have different use.
Term
Vestigial Structures
Definition
Structures we don't use anymore but other organisms still use.
Term
Predation
Definition
An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism.
Term
Commensalism
Definition
One organism bennefits and the other organism is neither helped nor harmed.
Term
Parasitism
Definition
One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it.
Term
Mutualism
Definition
Both organisms benefit from the relationship.
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition

6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis is the process in with plants use energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen.

Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition

 6O2+C6H12O6  --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Process in which living things, in the presence of sunlight, convert foood energy from glucose into usable energy in the form of 36 ATP molecules.

 

Term

Ribosomal RNA

(rRNA)

Definition
Combines with proteins to make ribosomes.
Term
Interphase
Definition

Period of time in between cell divisions.

G1 phase - Cell growth

S phase - DNA replication

G2 phase - Preparation for mitosis

 

Term
Prophase
Definition
The chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the centrioles separate, the spindle begins to form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
[image]
Term
Metaphase
Definition

The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere.

[image]

Term
Anaphase
Definition

The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosome and are moved apart.

[image]

Term
Telophase
Definition

The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and loose their distinct shapes; two distinct nuclear envelopes will form.

[image]

Term
Cytokinesis
Definition

The cytoplasm pinches in half.

[image]

Supporting users have an ad free experience!