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Bio Final Chap 16
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
21
Biology
Undergraduate 2
12/09/2011

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Term
What are the characteristics that all genetic material must have?
Definition

must be able to store information

copy the information

change the information

allow for constancy within a species 

and allow for variation between a species

 

S C C C V

Term
Understand Griffith and Avery's experiment
Definition

first expiriment to identify DNA as genetic material of an organism:

experiment with mice (intended to find a vaccine for streptococcol pneumonia) -

S Strain - virulent

R Strain - not virulent

 

R strain was "transformed" by the S strain and became virulent 

Term
What did Avery determine the "transforming" material was?
Definition
DNA - not RNA or a protein
Term
Understand the Hershey and Chase experiment
Definition

Batch 1 - proteins

Batch 2 - DNA

 

allowed bacteriophages to infect bacteria. pellet showed cells in Batch 2 (DNA) were radioactive therefore DNA, not protein, was genetic material 

Term
What did Hershey and Chase determine?
Definition
DNA not protein, was genetic material
Term
Understand what Chagriff determined
Definition

within a species the amount of Adenine equals the amount of Thymine and the amount of Guanine equals the amount of Cytosine

 

the percentage of A, T, C and G varied between species and was constant within a species

Term
What was Chagraff's rule?
Definition

A = T and C = G

 

% of A, T, C and G varies between species 

Term
Understand Wilkin's and Franklin's x-ray defraction data
Definition
Wilkin's studying x-ray defraction of proteins, Franklin decides to do x-ray defraction on DNA - image determines the structure of DNA
Term
What did Franklin's image say about the shape of a DNA molecule?
Definition

DNA is a helix with a diameter of 2 nm

repeating structures every 3.4 nm

makes a complete turn  every 3.4 nm

Term
What 2 scientists used the data from Chargaff, Wilkins, and Franklins to finally determine the actual "double helix" structure of DNA?
Definition
James Watson and Francis Crick
Term
Understand the structure of DNA (shape, components, bonds, complementary base pairings)
Definition

double helix - 2 strands of nucleotides and 2 strands twist around eachother in a spiral

ladder - sides made up of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups, rungs made up of N bases

complementary base pairing - A binds to T, C binds to G held together by hydrogen bonds

 

Term
In double helix, what does the term "double" refer to?
Definition
that DNA is two strands of nucleotides 
Term
In double helix, what does "helix" refer to?
Definition
the two strands that twist around each other in a spiral
Term
If you compare DNA to a ladder what makes up the sides of the ladder?
Definition
alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups
Term
If you compared DNA to a ladder, what would make up the rungs?
Definition
paired nitrogen bases (A:T, C:G)
Term
What holds together the paired nitrogen bases?
Definition
multiple hydrogen bonds
Term
What kind of charge does DNA have?
Definition
phosphate group gives a negative charge down the sides of the ladder 
Term
If DNA is a polymer, what are the monomers that are it's building blocks?
Definition
many nucleotides containing a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base (A, T, C or G)
Term
3 Parts of a Nucleotide
Definition
a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
Term
What is complimentary base pairing?
Definition
A always binds to T, C always binds to G
Term
What does it mean when we say the strands are "anti parallel"? 
Definition
the two strands run in opposite directions - one strand runs 5 to 3 and the other 3 to 5 (3 is the third Carbon on the deoxyribose sugar and 5 is the fifth)
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