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bio exam 3
biology 100 for nonmajors
79
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/16/2013

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Term
Tissue is
Definition
a group of cells of similar type that work together for a common purpose
Term
the types of tissue
[CHECK CHART]
Definition
4 types.
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
cover body surface, line organs
[squamous] flat
[cuboidal] tube
[columnar] column

EITHER SIMPLE OR STRATIFIED
Term
connective tissue
Definition
MOST ABUNDANT TISSUE
binds, supports, transports, stores energy(fat)
contains cells embedded in matrixes made of protein fibers, ground substances/cell secretions, and fibroblast cells
Term
types of connective tissue
[CHECK CHART]
Definition
PROPER - areolar, adipose(fat), dense
areolar: under skin, around organs, structures and cushions
adipose: energy storage and cushions
dense: tendons and ligaments, bone-2-bone or bone-2-muscle
SPECIALIZED -
cartilage: absorbs shock
bone: living. structure, protection, movement, storage, productin of red blod cells
blood: plasma = liquid matrix, cell fragment/platelets inside, 'fibers' are soluble proteins. main function is TRANSPORT - O2, CO2
Term
muscle tissue, and the types
CHART
Definition
contracting cells. 3 types
skeletal = clyndrical, striated, many nuclei, voluntary contraction. proteins are actin and myosin?
cardiac = branching, striated with ONE nucleus. involuntary, pumps. wall of heart.
smooth = non striated, ONE nucleus
wall of intestines, blood vessels, ect. involuntary, constricts.
Term
nervous tissue is, and types
Definition
nerves, brain, spinal cord
2 CELL types-
neurons: generate and conduct nerve impulses
neroglia: provide nutrients, insulate, protect neurons
Term
organ
Definition
a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together
Term
organ system
Definition
integumentary system - one type of organ system. skin, nails, hair, sweat glands. protects from invasion via macrophages, limtis water loss by keratin, temperature regulation, wastes, sensory
Term
skin layer types
Definition
epidermis: layers of cells, constantly shed, outer ones are dead. keratinized(water proof)
dermis: dense connective tissue (wrinkles), blood vessels, hair follicles, glands, nerves. living
Term
skin color
Definition
pigment - color dependent on the form of melanin produced, also on blood flow and oxygen level in the skin
Term
accessory structures
Definition
hair = modified skin cells. protection, sensory, insulation
nails = modified skin cells. protection, sensory
glands = oil and wax
Term
homeostasis
Definition
stable internal conditions. organ systems interact to provide controlled environment.
CIRCLE:
negative feedback -->sensor/receptor -->control center -->effector -->negatice feedback
Term
body temperature homeostasis
Definition
temperature controlled by hypothalamus. set point = -37c
skin receptors sense surface temp, internal receptors monitor blood temp. brain initiates this.
Term
skeletal system is associated with:
Definition
support, movement, protection, storage, blood cell proudction
Term
bone types
Definition
2 types
compact: dense, covered by periosteum which contains blood vessels and nerves. central cavity of yellow marrow
bones made of matrixes.
Spongy bone: lattice work of tiny beams/plates. contains red marrow (red blood production)
Term
bone hardness comes from? resiliency comes from?
Definition
hardness comes from mineral salts, calcium and phosphorus.
resiliency from elastic protein, collagen.
Term
bone structure
Definition
made of repeating units called OSTEONS. each osteon consists of bone cells called OSTEOCYTES.
covered by periosteum.
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
cells that produce matrix by SECRETING proteins and minerals (calcium, phos, collagen)
during development, bones start as cartilage. osteoblasts convert this to bone.
Term
bone remodeling
Definition
osteoclasts- cells that break down bone to release minerals
osteoblasts- secrete matrix, RENEW bone, regulate blood calcium levels. this process regulated by hormones
Term
remodeling problems
BONE REPAIR CHART IN BOOK
Definition
bone repaire - when bones break
clotting
fibroblasts/callus (connective tissue grown inward)
secretion of cartilage
osteoblasts transform cartilage to bone
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
series of bones
skull bones/cranial bones
facial bones
rib cage and sternum
vertebral column
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
pecotral girdle (clavicle, scapula)
humerus (arm)
radius (arm)
ulna (arm)
carpals
metacarpals (palm)
phalanges
pelvic girdle
femur (thigh bone. largest, strongest)
tibia (leg)
fibula (leg)
tarsals (ankle)
metatarsels (sole)
Term
joint types
Definition
fibrous - immovable
cartilaginous - slight movable
synovial - freely move. cartilage layers, memrbanes with cells secreting fluids
Term
=====muscle traits
Definition
excitable, contractile, extensible, elastic
skeletal muscle: striated. one cell extends from stationary to movable attachmet. arrange in antagonistic motion.
Term
muscle structure
Definition
bundles of muscle cells. inside these bundles are muscle fibers/muscle cells consisting of MYOFIBRILS
Term
sarcomeres
Definition
unit of contraction in muscle cells (each cell contans THOUSANDS of these)
made of protein myofilaments, actin and myosin
Term
sarcomere movement
BOOK CHART
Definition
sliding of actin filaments across myosin filaments
requires atp and phosphate
Term
motor unit
Definition
nerve and muscle cell it stimulates
strength of contraction involves more and more motor units
motor neuron
Term
skeletal muscle contraction
???? check book on this
Definition
signal from nerve (acetylcholine), causes calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum.
calcium binds to troponin releasing tropomyosin.
tropomysin changes shape allowing myosin to bind actin.
power stroke (adp and P move off)
myosin detaches (atp binds)
myosin reactivation (uses atp)
Term
signaling
Definition
nerve impulse reaches neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine released at junction
acety binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of sarcomere, electrochemical message generated
calcium ions released from the sarcplasmic reticulum - contraction initiated
Term
muscular energy in muscle cells
Definition
stored ATP
stored creatine phosphate
anaerobic respiration (1st step of glycolysis)
aerobic respiration (longterm. slower)
Term
muscle contraction
Definition
signal from nerve
calcium release
calcium binds to troponin
Term
neurons, types
Definition
basic unit of nervous system
excitable cells - generate/transmit info
3 types
sensory
motor
interneuron
Term
sensory neurons
Definition
conduct information TOWARD CNS
Term
motor neurons
Definition
carry info AWAY from CNS to an Effector (muscle/gland)
Term
interneurons
Definition
thinking. interpret sensory signals, initiate response. found in CNS.
Term
neuron structure
Definition
cell body
dendrites (branching projections that recieve signals)
axon (long extension signal travels down)
axon ending (transmit signal to another cell)
Term
neuron signal sequence
Definition
info flows trhu neurons
dendrites collect signal
cell body integrates incoming signal and generates outgoing one to axon
axon passes signal to dendrites on another cell
Term
meylin sheath
Definition
plasma membrane of glial cell
insulating outer layer on AXON.
occurs on neurons outside CNS
signal moves fast by jumping gaps thru the meylin.
Term
nerve impulse/action potential
Definition
electrical signal is caused by Na+ and K+ ions crossing a neuron's membrane.
at 'rest' the inner surface of membrane is MORE NEGATIVELY CHARGED than OUTER surface. this charge difference lets neruon react quickly.
Term
maintaining dif in electrical charge in nerves
Definition
gated ion channel membrane
pump [requires energy. active transport/diffusion.]
neuron membranes are selectively permeable
Term
resting potential
Definition
unequal distribution of ions
k+ concentration high INSIDE
na+ concentration high OUTSIDE
k+ tends to leak out.
cell uses energy (pumps_ to maintain balance
Term
more action potential stuff
figure 7.4
Definition
action potential - neuron receives signal
resting state - cell negative inside
===depolarization- signal causes na+ gates to open, these ions rush in. inside cell becomes positive.
repolorization - restoration of resting state/refectory period. k+ gates open, negative charge.
pumps redistribute na and k.
Term
bioelectrical signal
Definition
utilizes difference in na and k concentrations to move signal
signal strength must pass a threshold.
because of refactory period, sustained signals occur as impulses-- increasing the strength of the stimuli will increase pulse rate.
because of refactory, signal CANNOT BE REVERSED.
Term
neuron to receptor communcation
Definition
info thru neurons
synapse - junction between an axon ending and another cell. gap.
neurotransmitters - chemically carry signals between neurons.
excitatory synapse - causes INCREASE in activity of postsynaptic cell (increases likelihood of an action potential)
inhibitory - decrease. binding of neurotransmitters open ion channels that cause cell to become negative.
Term
neuron to receptor communication 2
Definition
any given neuron may have thousands of synapses with other neurons. combined effects determine action potential.
Term
neurotransmitters.
how are they removed?
Definition
once used, are removed from synaptic cleft VIA:
1. enzymatic removal
2. neurotransmitter pumped back into neuron aka reuptake
3. diffusion from synapse
many types of neurotransmitters
activity determined by receptors presence
Term
chemical synapses
Definition
over 50, focusing on acetycholine and norepephine. these act in both cns and pns. norep stimulates most organs, inhibits some. acety does opposite.
Term
pns
Definition
sensory division- stimuli
motor division - somatic, autonomic
Term
motor division of pns
Definition
somatic - senses info from environment
autonomic - regulates INVOLUNTARY activities, includes parasympathetic and sympathetic.
para: normal
symp: bad conditions
Term
brain
Definition
cerebrum - complex portion of brain
cerebral cortex/grey matter - thin outer layer containing billions of nerve cells. unmyelinated.
cerebral white matter - myelinated (faster signal)
Term
areas of cerebrum
Definition
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
Term
frontal lobe
Definition
motor function. personality. speech.
Term
parietal lobe
Definition
sensory function and taste.
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
auditory and olfaction/smell
Term
occipital
Definition
visual cortex
Term
cerebrum info
Definition
sensory and motor areas
primary motor area you have control of: across frontal
primary somatosensory: across parietal [back]
Term
other divisions of brain
Definition
cerebrum: voluntary
===brain stem: relays and integrates signals.
cerebellum: coordinates voluntary sensory motor movements
thalamus: processes sensory singals
===hypothalamus: homeostasis. in limbic system. [limbic system = emotion]
Term
brain injury
Definition
cerebrovascular accident
death of NEURONS from intterrupted blood flow.
causes: stroke, meningitis, aneurysm, heart attack, substance abuse
Traumatic brain injury
damage to neuron from FORCE
causes: whiplash. automobile (1/2 of all). slip n fall. sports. gun. explosions.
Term
spinal cord
Definition
transmits singals to and from brain
connects to medulla
reflex center- gray matter.
but spinal cord also has white matter, ganglions, and spinal nerves.
Term
reflex arc
components
Definition
circuits of neurons in spinal cord preqire to respond.
components: receptors. sensory neurons. interneurons. motor neurons. effector.
Term
autonomic
Definition
no control. two parts.
para: rest n digest. heart rate. directs blood to digestive tract.
symp
fight or flight. ALL EFFECTS AT ONCE. acts via adrenaline/epinephrine. DILATES PUPILS.
Term
psychoactive drugs
8.8
Definition
molecules that alter communication betwee n neurons. alter them by:
stimulating release of nt
inhibit nt
delay removal of nt
bind to receptors and act like nt
prevent nt action by blocking receptors
Term
tolerance
Definition
body's response to maintain homeostasis, by:
increasing enzyme production
decreasing # of receptors on post synaptic neurons
Term
dependency
Definition
nervous system and NT no longer able to produce normal responses.
Term
pleasure drugs
Definition
cocaine
amphet
morphine
nicotene
Term
cocaine
Definition
effects:
dopamine, norepine[fight or flight]
increases residence in synapt gap by interfering with reuptake by presynap neuron. shortlived positive effect and then crash.
Term
cocaine health issues
Definition
cardiovascular.
constricts arteries, increase heart rate, blood pressure
interferes with heartbeat neurons
can cause respiratory failure thru respiration center becoming depressed.
Term
amphet
Definition
synthetic stimulants, dopa, norep
increased residence, increased releases
lasts for hours
Term
meth
Definition
dopamine release increased
behavioral. paranoia
brain activity increases after use stops, but long term bad to nervous system. bad memory, emotion
Term
hallucinogenic drugs
Definition
ecstasy. binds to receptors: serotonin(well being), acety(release of sero and dopa), norep.
also a stimulant. causes hyperthermia.
Term
nicotine
Definition
acety. relaxed. increased heart rate, constricts blood vessels
addicting
Term
alcohol
Definition
depresses neurons in brain
tends to depress INHIBITORY neurons fastest
ethanol: small molecule, fat and water soluble so readily diffuses.
Term
alc 2
Definition
quick effect. absorption and enzymatic breakdown begins in stomach, metabolized in liver.
alcohol dehydrenage in stomach. small amount excreted in urine/lungs
Term
alcohol health issues
Definition
nervous system: depresses neurons, higher thinking centers first. autonomic nervous system neurons effected.
liver: metabolized before fat. accumulation of fat in liver cells. scar tissue (cirrhosis)
heart and blood vessels: enlarged heart
Term
marijuana
Definition
THC
binds to anandamide receptors-
brain's natural thc-like molecule
regulates mood, memory, pain, appetite
Term
issues with mari
Definition
respiratory system: smoke has carcinogens. tar.
heart: increase heart rate/bp. heart attack.
reproduction: fertility. testosterone. period.
Term
endocrine system
Definition
system of glands and organs containing tissues that produce hormones
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