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Bio Exam #3
Bio Notes Starting 08/01
161
Biology
Undergraduate 1
08/01/2011

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Term
Lichen
Definition
is symbiotic association between photosynthetic microorganism and fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae
Term
Fungi as Pathogens
Definition
(Cryphonectria parasitica) Chestnut Blight- is a fungal disease for chest nut trees

10-50% of fruit harvest each year is lost to for fungal attack.

Some give off toxins
Term
Mycosis
Definition
the term for disease caused by fungi
Term
Practical Use of Fungi
Definition
Use in Blue Cheese
Used to make citrus acid for soft drinks
Used for antibiotics (penicllium)
Yeast which ferment sugars to alcohol and CO2 which lightens the weight of bread or baking product.
Term
Animals vs Fungi
Definition
Animals ingest first before digesting.
Term
Cleavage
Definition
A succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between division cycles
Term
Blastula
Definition
Cleavage leads to this multi-cellular stage which in many animals takes the form of a hollow ball
Term
Morula
Definition
Is a solid ball of cells (64 Cells)
Term
Gastrulation
Definition
in this stage layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced. An in-folding of the blastula to produce germ layers
Term
Reproduction Stages
Definition
Zygote
Embryo
Morula
Blastula
gastrula
Term
Archenteron
Definition
Refers to inside more definitively the beginning of the digestive track.
Term
Protostome Vs Deuterostome
Definition
Protostomes
Sprial cleavage (Vertical cell division are diagonal)
determinate Cleavage (the fate of each embryological cell are set early)
enterocoely- the coelom is gaps in mesoderm tissue that form from out pockets in endoderm




Deuterostomes
Radial Cleavage
indeterminate (cell fates are set rather late)
Twins are possible
Schizocoely- coelom forms by splits occurring within mesoderm




Doesn't apply to sponges
Term
Blastopore
Definition
is the first opening in the development of the zygote
Term
First Animals appear
Definition
565 millio years ago.
Term
the first plants
Definition
450 million years ago
Term
The ancestors of animals
Definition
Colonial Choanoflagellates
Term
Major cellular component of sponges
Definition
Collar cells
Term
Morphologically
Definition
Similar collar cells in sponges and in other animals and have not been observed in any other kingdoms
Term
1 billion-500 million Neoproterozic
Definition
The fossil record shows an exposion of new speices called the ediacaran biota and show sponges and ediacaran in the fossil record. Small mainly softbodied.
Term
500 million- 250million Paleozoic
Definition
Cambrian Explosion a huge increase in the number of species. Before this only a few animal phyla. About half of all the phyla in the this period show up in this time period. Fish where top predators, plants and insects come out on land. Verdibrates also went to land.
Term
Causes of the Cambrian Explosion
Definition
New predator prey relationships driven by natural selection

Increase in oxygen atmosphere allows larger and faster organisms

Hox gene gave the flexibly of developing multiply appendages (control genes)

Muti Cellularity- which gives a benefit of division of labor (some cells work on movement, others reproduction, etc)
Term
250 miilion -65 million Mesozoic
Definition
Ends with the demise of the dinosars
Term
65 million to today Cenozoic
Definition
Mammals came to dominant the landscape.
Term
Body Plan
Definition
is a set of morphological and developmental traits, integrated into a functional hole-the living animal
Term
Radial Symmetry
Definition
A form found in a flower pot, usually have an oral side (bottom) and aboral
Term
Bilateral
Definition
Anterior (the head front)
Ventral (bottom side Belly)
Posterior (Back end)
Dorsal (top side)
Term
Sessile
Definition
Living attached to a substrate
Term
Planktonic
Definition
Drifting or weakly swimming such as jelly fish.
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
A germ layer covering the exterior of the embryo
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
between the ectoerm and endoderm (bones blood muscle)
Term
Endoderm
Definition
thin most germ layer, lines the developing digestive tube.
Term
Endoderm
Definition
thin most germ layer, lines the developing digestive tube.
Term
Coelomates
Definition
having a true coelom
Term
Pseudocoelom
Definition
the coelom is not completely lined with mesoderm.
Term
Body Cavity benefits
Definition
protection against shocks
Internal Organs have a space to grow and develop
Organs and move with out changing the outer shape of the animal
Provides a space for storing gamates or food.
Term
Molecular Systematics
Definition
Comparing DNA, RNA, Amino Acids
Term
Points of Agreement
Definition
1. All animals share a common ancestor. (protobiont)
2. Sponges are basal animals (they are the most primitive)
3.Eumetazoa- is a cade (group) of animals with true tissues.
4 Most animal phyla belong to the clade bilateria
5. Chordates and some other phyla belong to the clade Duterostomia
Term
Ecdysis
Definition
Periodic loss of the entire outer covering all at once.
Term
Ecdysozoans
Definition
Animals which secrete external skeletons.
Term
lophotrochozoans
Definition
Animals with either a lophophore or trochophore larva.
Term
Lophopore
Definition
is a crown of tenticails that have cilia on them for the function of feeding
Term
Trochophore larva
Definition
is a distinctive phase of development with cilia around the middle, top, and bottom.
Term
Porifera
Definition
Ctenophora
Term
Suspension Feeders
Definition
They capture food partials suspended in the water that passes through their body.
Term
choanocytes
Definition
they line the interior of spongocoel
Term
Fungi
Definition
Are Heterotrophs that feed by absorption
Term
Fungus Absorption
Definition
This is accomplished by secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes into their surroundings
Term
Hyphae
Definition
a network of tiny filaments, consist of of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of cells
Term
Chitin
Definition
Is what fungal cell walls are straightened with opposed to cellulose like in plant cells
Term
Mycelium
Definition
hyphae form an interwoven mass that infiltrates the material on which the fungus needs.
Term
Septa
Definition
the hyphae are divided into cells by this
Term
Coenocytic Fungi
Definition
Fungi that lack septa, have a continuous mass having hundreds or thousands of nuclei
Term
Haustoria
Definition
A specialized hyphae which the fungus use to extract nutrients from-or exchange nutrients with their host
Term
mycorrhizae (fungus Roots)
Definition
mutually beneficial relationships between such fungi and plant roots
Term
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
Definition
Form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a rootand also grow into the extra cellular spaces of the root cortex.
Term
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Definition
extend their branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane
Term
Pheromones
Definition
Sex signalling molecules
Term
Plasmogamy
Definition
The union of two cytoplasms of two parent mycelia
Term
Heterokaryon
Definition
Mycelium contain coexisting, genetically different nuclei
Term
Dikaryotic
Definition
Haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell, one from each parent.
Term
Karyogamy
Definition
The haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing diploid cell. Zygotes form during this stage.
Term
Molds
Definition
Fungi that reproduce asexually by growing filamentous fungi that produce spores by mitosis
Term
Deuteromycetes
Definition
Fungi that produce that have no sexual stage
Term
Opisthokonts
Definition
Refers to posterior location of the flagellum in these organisms (fungi, animal and protistains)
Term
Flatworms
Definition
have new body cavity other then the gut.
Term
Turbellarians
Definition
Free living and mostly marine.
Term
Scolex
Definition
is an attachment organ for the tape worm.
Term
Cloning
Definition
off-springs diploid DNA is identical to DNA of 1 parent (asexual reproduction)
Term
Parthenogenesis (asexual)
Definition
lay diploid eggs (rotifers, aphids, fish, geckos)
Term
Budding (asexual)
Definition
New individual grows on the side of the adult and drops off. Hydra, other cnidarians
Term
Fragmentation (asexual)
Definition
A piece of the adult gets knocked of and grows a new individual.
Term
hermaphrodite (sexual)
Definition
is extremely rare, produce egg and sperm in the same body (earthworms) can't fertilize them selves. So sperm fertilizes the egg of the other.
Term
hermaphrodite (sexual)
Definition
is extremely rare, produce egg and sperm in the same body (earthworms) can't fertilize them selves. So sperm fertilizes the egg of the other.
Term
Torsion
Definition
As a gastropod embryo develops, its visceral mass rotates up to 108 degrees, causing the animals anus and mantle cavity to wind up above its head.
Term
Radula
Definition
Mollusc species contain a feed organ that has backward curved teeth.
Term
Nematodes
Definition
Shade a cuticle not as tough as chitin
Term
Open circulatory system
Definition
Fluid called hemolymph is propelled by the heart through short arteries and then into spaces called sinuses. Molluscs and arthropods
Term
Arthropod gas exchange
Definition
Crustaceans- gills
Chelicerates- Book lungs
incects- tracheal tubes
Term
incomplete metamorphosis
Definition
the young resemble adults but are smaller, have different body proportions, and lack wings
Term
Complete metamorphosis
Definition
Insect goes through a larva stage specialized for eating and growing.
Term
Metamorphosis
Definition
Larves differ from adult
morphology
habitat
sexual maturity
food
Term
Nucleariids
Definition
Uni-cellualr Ancestor of fungi
Term
Phylum Chytrids
Definition
one of the earliest fungal groups
Term
Phylum Zygomycetes
Definition
Molds grow on fruits and breads
Term
Phylum Glomeromycetes
Definition
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Term
Phylum Ascomycetes
Definition
Sac Fungi
Term
Phylum Basidiomycetes
Definition
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
Term
Fungi Decomposing Organic material
Definition
including the cellouse and lignin of plant cell walls
Term
Endophytes
Definition
Fungi that live inside plant leaves or other plant parts without causing harm. Most are ascomycetes.
Term
Soredia
Definition
Small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae
Term
not all fungi
Definition
Are decomposers
Term
Collagen
Definition
is only found in animals a structural protein used for structural support
Term
Specialized cells only found in animals
Definition
Muscle cells and nerve cells
Term
Larva
Definition
is a sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically different from the adult.
Term
Metamorphosis
Definition
A developmental transformation that turns the animal into a juvenile, which resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature
Term
Ediacaran biota
Definition
earliest fossils found of muticellular eukaryotes
Term
Cephalization
Definition
An evolutionary trend where sensory equipment is concentrated at their anterior end, including a central nervous system (brain) in the head
Term
Diploblastic
Definition
Include animals that only have two germ layers.
Term
Feature of all bilaterally symmetrical animals
Definition
they all have a third layer called mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm
Term
triploblastic
Definition
having three germ layers
Term
Spongocoel
Definition
Is the central cavity of the sponge
Term
Osculum
Definition
A large opening at the top of the sponge
Term
Choabocytes
Definition
known as collar cells line the interior of the spongocoel
Term
Mesohyl
Definition
known as the middle matter, is located between layers of 2 cells in the sponge
Term
Amoebocytes
Definition
named for their use of pseudopodia functions include moving food and water from the choanocytes, digest it and carry the nutrients to other cells
Term
Gastrovascular cavity
Definition
a central digestive compartment
Term
Beetle Order
Definition
Coleoptera
Term
Horse Fly Order
Definition
Diptera
Term
Dragon Fly Order
Definition
Odonata
Term
Butterfly Moth Order
Definition
Lepidoptera
Term
Vertebrates
Definition
Which derive their name from the series of bones that make up the vertebral column, or backbone
Term
Derived Characters of Chordates
Definition
Notochord- Located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, made of large fluid filled cells encased in fairly stiff, fibrous tissue.
Term
Nerve Cord
Definition
from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube located dorsal to the notocord.
Term
Ray finned fishes
Definition
Fins, supported mainly by bony rays for which the group is named, are modified for maneuvering, defense, and other functions.
Term
Lobe-fins
Definition
is the presence of rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle in their pectoral and pelvic fins.
Term
Terapods
Definition
are gnathostomes (have jaws).
Term
Signgicant charter of tetrapods
Definition
gives the group its named which means four feet.
Term
Derived Traits of Terapods
Definition
the head is separated from the body of the neck that originally had one vertebra on which the skull could move only up and down.
Pg. 710 for rest
Term
Amniotes are named
Definition
for the major derived character of the clade, the amniotic egg.

Use rib cage to ventilate their lungs. (more efficient then throat-based ventilation)

Fertilization is internal
Term
amniotic egg Four Specialized membranes
Definition
Amnion-Protects the embryo against mechanical shock
Chorion-exchanges gases between the embro and the air
Yolk Sac- Nutrients
allantois- used for waste
Term
Cold-blooded
Definition
they do not use their metabolism extensively to control their body temperature, but to use behavioral adaptions.
Term
Weight saving modifications for birds
Definition
no urinary bladder

females usually only have one ovary

Gonads are small during non breeding season

toothless which trims the weight of the head
Term
Adaptions for flight
Definition
Feathers are made of protein called keratin (light weight protien)
Muscles are attached to a keel
pg718
Term
benefits of flight
Definition
pg718
Term
mammals
Definition
Both have diaphragm muscles
Larger brains
longer parental care
Differentiated teeth (teeth with different functions)
Term
Three major groups in mammals
Definition
Monotremata-mammals that lay eggs, no nipples, young suck from fur. (platypus, echidna. The egg laying is ancestral character with amniotes

Marsupialia- Don't lay eggs, young born as partially developed embryos, complete embryoic development inside of a pouch. Higher metabolic rates then the monotremes (opossums, koala, kangaroos)

Eutherians- have placentals
Term
Orders of mammals
Definition
Monotremata
Marsupialia
Primates
Sirenia
Carnivora
cetaceans
Rodentia
Term
Order Primates
Definition
Lemurs, Lorises, pottos tarsiers

Anthropoids-
New World Monkeys- have a tail that can grasp
Old World Monkeys- have a tail but can't grasp

Apes
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
Humans
Term
apes brain
Definition
Have bigger brain then other primates
Term
Derived Charater of Humans
Definition
Human stand upright or bipedal
Reduced Jaw bones and jaw muscles
Shorter Digestive tract (food choice)
Term
Ape and human genomes
Definition
are 99% identical
Term
Behavior
Definition
An action carried out by muscles or glands carried out by the nervous system in response to a stimulus
Term
ethology
Definition
the scientific study of how animals behave, particular in their natural enviroments

(proximate Causation) 1. What stimulus effects their behavior, and what physiological mechianisms mediate the response.

(proximate Causation)2 How does the animals experiences during growth and development influence the response?

(Ultimate Causation) 3. How does behavior aid survival and reproduction?

(Ultimate Causation)4. What is the behaviors evolutionary history?
Term
Behavioral ecology
Definition
the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior
Term
fixed action pattern
Definition
a sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and, once initiated, usually carried out to completion.
Term
Kinesis
Definition
a change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus.
Term
taxis
Definition
is a movement toward or away from a stimulus
Term
migration
Definition
a regular long distance change in location.
Term
sign stimulus
Definition
The trigger for action behavior is an external cue. pg 1121
Term
Signal
Definition
a stimulus transmitted from one animal to another
Term
Communication
Definition
the transmission and reception of signals constitute animal communication
Term
habituation
Definition
a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information,
Term
Imprinting
Definition
the formation of a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object
Term
Homo Sapiens
Definition
Appeared 200K ago,
Term
Ecology
Definition
is the scientific study of the interactions of organisms and their environment.
Term
Types of Ecology
Definition
Organismal-How an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment.

Population- factors that effect population size

Community- interactions between species (predator-prey, food chain)

Ecosystem-energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms
Term
Distribution
Definition
Refers to where an organism can be found.
Term
Dispersal
Definition
is movement away from where the species originated.
Term
Introduced Species/ exotic
Definition
When humans bring species to a place to they have not originated.
Term
Reintroduction
Definition
Taking species back to where they are native.
Term
Abotic factors
Definition
(Temperature, water, rain fall, salinity, sunlight, rocks and soil,
Term
Positive feedback
Definition
Product of the system turns the system on higher
Term
negative feedback
Definition
product of the system can turn off the system.
Term
biomes
Definition
major terrestrial or aquatic life zones with particular physical and vegetation factors
Term
Density
Definition
numbers per square unit
Term
Dispersion
Definition
is the pattern of distribution
Term
Types of Dispersion
Definition
Clumped
Uniform
Random
Term
Invasive speiecs issues
Definition
Have no predators
Not the food for the native predators
Term
Keystone Species
Definition
pg 1208
Term
disturbance effects on communities
Definition
Middle size disturbances-cause the most increases in species
Term
Ecological Succession
Definition
Transition of change in the species composition of a community following a disturbance
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