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Bio exam #3
animalia and etc.
313
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/05/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Phylum Basidomycota 

Examples

and Common Name

Definition

Common Name: Club fungi 

Mushrooms 

Bracket Fungus or shelf fungus 

Puffballs 

smuts 

Rusts 

Term

Phylum Myxomycota 

Common Name

 

 

Definition
True Slime Molds 
Term

Physarum 

2 Characteristics 

Definition

1) organism in moist forest floors that derives its nutrition by ingesting decaying plant material. 

2) the plasmodium transforms into stalked sporangia when conditions for growth become unfavorable. 

Term

Phylum OOmycota 

 

Common Name 

Definition
Water Molds 
Term

Water Molds-OOmycota 

4 types/examples 

 

Definition

1) phytophthora 

2) achlya 

3) downy mildews

4) saprolegnia 

 

Term

Ecological Roles of Fungi

(two)

Definition
saprobes & mutualisms 
Term

Phylum Ascomycota

1. type of hyphae

2. how many species


Definition

1. septate hyphae

2. 65,000 species

Term

Puffballs

phylum:

*

Definition

Basidiomycota

can eat

Term

Basidiomycota Sexual Life Cycle

*no what?


Definition

gametes -> zygotes -> meiosis-> meiospores->

mitosis -> hypae ->

 

*no asexual reproduction

Term

Achlya

Phylum:

a common ______


Definition

Oomycota

a common saprobe

Term

Characteristics of lichen

1. live in

2. aka

Definition

1. harsh environments (can tolarate little water)

2. reindeer moss


Term

Phylum Bryophyta

1. Gametophyte generation is _________.

2. Sporophyte generation is _________.

3. No _________.

4. Lives _________


Definition

1. Gametophyte dominate

2. Sporophyte less seen

3. No vascular tissue

4. Lives in moist situations near the ground


Term

Phylum Oomycota

1. Common name

2. Type of hyphae

3. Cell walls made of

4. Heterotrophic by

5. Spore ->


Definition

1. Water molds

2. aseptate

3. cellulose

4. heterotrophic by absorption

5. spore-> motile (flagellates)


Term

Bracket Fungus or Shelf Fungus

phylum:

aka

Definition

basidiomycota

Wood-rooting fungi


Term

Mucor

Phylum:

Commonly found where:


Definition

Zygomycota

fruits and bread


Term
multicellular dependant embryos 
Definition

"baby plants" dependant on other tissues

(heterotrophic)

Term

Mushrooms

Found as ______ in soil. Main body is the  _______, which occurs _______.

 

Amanita

Phylum:

Common Name:


Definition

Found as saprobes in soil. Main body is themycelium, which occurs underground.

 

Basidiomycota

Death Angel

extremely poisonous

Term

Diffusion

 

Molecules are always in ___________

by _________ ___________.

 

Molecules move from a _________ concentratin to a __________ concentration.


Definition

Diffusion

Molecules are always in motion by

thermal agitation.

Molecules move from a higher concentrations to a

lower concentration.


Term
apical meristems 
Definition

tips/ where mitosis takes place

 

Term

Megasporangium

A part of ______

-________ embryo

- has ____ and a protective covering aka ____ ____


Definition
Term

Xylem

A ______ tissue that transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant

 

Vessel element

-4


Definition
Term

archegonia

 

anteridia


Definition

eggs

 

sperm


Term

Phylum Zygomycota sexual life cycle

(zygomycetes/fungus)

Definition

gamates -> symgamy -> zygote ->

meiosis or zygospore->

4 haploid cells (meiospores) -> mitosis ->

hyphae -> mycelium

->

Term

Vascular Plant Characteristics

1. gametophyts is:

2. sporophyte is:

3. Contains _______ _______
- simple:

-complex:

tissue-

 

Definition

1. gametophyts is: inconspicuous

2. sporophyte is: dominate

3. Contains vascular tissue
- simple: one cell type

-complex: more than one cell type

tissue- a group of cells performing common functions.

Term
heterosporous 
Definition
different sized spores 
Term

Horsetail characteristics

1. _____ photosynthetic stem

2.___phylls

3. sporangia grouped into ____-like structures called _________.

4. ______ in stems aka _____ ______

Definition

1. segmented photosynthetic stem

2. megaphylls

3. sporangia grouped into cone-like structures

called strobilus.

4. Silica in stems aka scouring rushes

Term

multicellular gametangia

 

Definition
organ produces gametes 
Term

Penicillium

Phylum:

Antibiotic:

Food:

Definition

Ascomycota

penicillin

Flavor and aroma to some cheese

Term

Phylum Coniferophyta

Group:

Common Name:

Seeds: enclosed?


Definition

Seed Plants

Conifers/ gymnosperms

seeds are not enclosed "naked seed"

Term

Name two plants that are homosporous

 

Define homosporous

 

Definition

Ferns and mosses

 

spores are the same size

Term

Solution = ? + ?

 

What is the most important solvent on earth?

Definition

Solution = solvent + solute

 

 

 

Water

Term

Phylum Coniferophyta

1. typically ____/____,______

2. largest group of:

3. leaves:

4. habitat:

Definition

1. typically trees/shrubs, evergreens

2. largest group of: gynosperms

3. leaves: needle-like, scale-like

4. habitat:  wide range: cold to moist to arid

Term

Seed Plant Characteristics

1. Sporophyte:

2. Gametophyte:

3. Xylem, Phloem, Roots, Stem, Leaves

 

Definition

1. dominate

2. inconspicuous


Term

megaphylls

 

microphylls

Definition

"large leaves"

comples

more vascular tissue (veiny leaves)

 

 

single vein

Term

Hypotonic causes a plant cell

to become _________.

This is perferred for plants.

Definition
turgid = normal
Term

Osmosis

 

The _________ of a __________

across a __________

_________ membrane.

Definition

The diffusion of a solvent

across a selectively

permeable membrane.

Term

Phylum Anthophyta

Group:

Common Name:

aka _________ "____ _____"


Definition

Phylum Anthophyta

Group: Seed Plants

Common Name: Flowering Plants

aka Angiosperms "contains seeds"

Term

Gametophytes in seed plants (megaspore)

aka:

Never leaves the:

Definition

Gametophytes in seed plants (megaspore)

aka: megagametophte/ eggs

Never leaves the: sporophyte

Term

Name two saprobes

Name two mutualism type organisms


Definition

1. fungi and bacteria

2. lichens and mycorrhizae

Term

Downy Mildews

Phylum:

important plant _______

e.g., _______


Definition

Oomycota

important plant pathogens

e.g., grapes

Term

Costs of terrestrial life

4

 

Definition

1. Can float in water (plants must have cells/tissues for support)

2. cells/tissues needed for aquiring and retaining water

3. environmental extremes are more likely

4. reproduction must be air-based

Term

Phylum Lycophyta

Group:

Common Name:

1. ____phylls

2. __________ stems

3. sporangia- _______ (cone-like structures)

Definition

Seedless Vascular Plants

Club Mosses

1. Microphylls with white tips

2. photosynthetic stems

3. sporangia- strobili (cone-like structures)

Term

Pilobolus

Phylum:

Common name:

*

Definition

Zygomycota

Cap-Thrower Fungus

*Decomposes animal dung

Term
basidiocarp 
Definition

"fruiting body"

macroscopic, mushrooms

(basidiomycota)

Term

Athlete's Foot

Ringworm

 

Phylum:

**

Definition

Ascomycetes

AF- flourish under warm, wet conditions

RW- ring-shaped lesions

Term

Peziza

1. Phylum

2. Common Name

Definition

1. Ascomycota

2. Cup Fungus


Term

Phylum Basidiomycota

1. common name

2. type of hyphae

3. number of species

Definition

1. Club Fungi/ basidiomycetes

2. septate hyphae

3. 30,000

Term
mycelium 
Definition
massive hyphae that is visable 
Term

Gametophytes in seed plants (microspore)

aka:

function:

aka:

dependent on:

Definition

Gametophytes in seed plants (microspore)

aka: pollen

function: produces sperm

aka: microgametophytes

dependent on: the sporophyte that produced i

Term

Seeds

contains a complete _______ plant sporophyte (_ ______)

 

dormant for _____

Mechanisms for dispersal

Definition

contains a complete multicellular plant sporophyte (a baby)

 

dormant for years

Mechanisms for dispersal: fruits, air, burs, animals/insects


Term
ascocarp 
Definition
"fruiting body"; macroscopic 
Term

Phylum Myxomycota

Heterotrophic by _______. "Giant _____," ability to _______ _____ __ ________. Cell wall?

Multi-________.


Definition

Heterotrophic by ingestion (phagocytosis). "Giantamoeba," ability to produce spores in sporangiano cell wall "shape shifter." Multi-nucleate.

 

Plasmodium

Term
differnetially permeable membrane 
Definition

membrane has pores

 

* allows the passage of the solvent, but not the solute.


Term

Phytophthora

Phylum:

aka:

Definition

Oomycota

Potato Blight

*Irish Famine, million people died, still an important plant pathogen.

Term

Dutch Elm Disease & Chestnut Blight

phylum:

*


Definition

Ascomycota

plant pathogens

Term
hyphae characteristics (3) 
Definition

1. Fuzzy

2. Tubular structures

3. Filamentous

Term

Rhizopus

Phylum:

Common name:

Definition

Zygomycota

Black Bread Mold

*numerous spherical balck asexual sporangia develop in addition to the sexual structures (zygospores).

Term

Morchella

Phylum:

Common name:

*

Definition

Ascomycota

Moral

*edible ascocarp-- not a mushroom but looks like one

Term

Yeasts

Phylum:

Valuable for:

Definition

Ascomycota

Valuable for fermentation (glucose-> alcohol + CO2 + energy)

*1800s people realized it was a living organism

Term

Benefits of Terrestrial Life

(4)


Definition

1. more light on land vs. water

2. CO2 is more abundant and more easily diffused

3. more nutriants/minerals in soil

4. (At time of evolution of plants) less compition for life on land

Term
Kingdom Plantae Characteristics (8
Definition

1. Eurkarytic

2. Autotrophic

3. Complex Multicellular

4. mostly terrestial

5. apical meristems

6. alternation of generations

7. walled spores (meiospores)

8. multicellular gametangia

Term

Fungus-like Protists

Name 2 Phylums

and their common name


Definition

Phylum Myxomycota- true slime molds

Phylum Oomycota- water molds

 


Term
mycorrhizae 
Definition

"fungus- roots"

hyphae + roots

 

Term

Ergot

Phylum:

*

aka


Definition

Ascomycota

Purple bodies, produce lysergic acid (LSD)

aka St. Anthony's Fire in Middle Ages

Term

Fungi have

cell walls composed of __________.

Definition
Chitin 
Term
basidium 
Definition
microscopic meiospores of Basidiomycota 
Term

Phloem

Function:

Tissue is:

- 6


Definition

Function: transports food down

Complex tissue

-thin cell walls

- perforated end plate

- barely alive

-no nucleus

-food flows through cytoplasm

-has a companion cell that keeps it alive


Term
coenocytic 
Definition
multi-nucleate 
Term

Ferns, Horsetails, and club mosses

Dominated the earth 300 million years ago

called the _____ period.

Died and became ____ ______.

Definition

Dominated the earth 300 million years ago

called the carboniferous period.

Died and became fossil fuels.

Term

Phylum Ascomycota

sexual life cycle

Definition

gametes-> symgamy-> zygotes-> meiosis->

meiospores (ascospores) -> mitosis -> hypae ->

mycelium

->

Term

Plants average psi

vs cars average psi


Definition

plants- 75- 220 psi

cars- 30 psi


Term
ascus/ asci 
Definition
sac that contains meiospores; mircoscopic 
Term
Motility of fungi 
Definition
Not motile 
Term
zygospore 
Definition
resistant covering when conditions are bad 
Term

Aspergillus

Phylum:

Function:


Definition

ascomycete

ferments soybeans to make soy sause

some species contaminate grain and peanuts producing cancer-causing aflatoxins

Term

ascomycete + green algae =

 

Ascomycete provides ____ for GA and vise vers

Definition

Lichen!

Ascomycete provides shelter and water, green algae provides (food by photosynthesis) sugar

Term

Characteristics of P. Anthophyta

1. Largest group of plants

2. Very diverse group

-herbaceous (________)

-tree/shrubs (______)

3. Mostly ______

4. Leave size:

5. Sexes may be ______ or ______

6. Habitat:


Definition

Characteristics of P. Anthophyta

1. Largest group of plants

2. Very diverse group

-herbaceous (non woody)

-tree/shrubs (woody)

3. Mostly terrestrial

4. Leave size: tiny to huge

5. Sexes may be together or seperate

6. Habitat: temperate environment


Term

Fungi are

heterotrophic by ____________,

____karyotic, and

_____cellular


Definition

Fungi are

heterotrophic by absorbtion,

eukaryotic, and

multicellular


Term

Hypotonic

 

A lot of _______,

less ______.

 

Too much water

animal cell will:

plant cell will:

Definition

A lot of water,

less solute.

 

Too much water

animal cell will: explode

plant cell will: push back

Term

Bryrophyta Ecology

 

Mosses and lichens are ________

species.  Which means they were the first species to inhabit bare _______.

 

Produce acids + rock = ____


Definition

Mosses and lichens are pioneer

species. Which means they were the first species

to inhabit bare land.

 

Produce acids + rock = soil

Term

coenocytic hyphae

 

reproduce by __________,

multi________


Definition

aseptate

reproduce by mitosis w/o cytokinesis

multi-nucleate


Term
syngamy 
Definition
fertilization 
Term

Candida albicans

aka

Definition
jock itch, yeast infections, thrush (fungi in throat when on antibiotics) 
Term
Nonvascular plants aka 
Definition
bryophytes 
Term

shoots

 

roots


Definition

above ground portion of the plant

 

below ground portion

Term

Phylum Pterophyta

Group:

Common Name:

Stem and roots are ______. Leave aka _____, stem aka _____. Sporangia is located _____ _______.

Definition

Seedless Vascular Plants

Ferns and Horsetails

Stem and roots are underground. Leave akafrands, stem aka rhizome. Sporangia is locatedunder leaves.


Term

septate hyphae

 

seperated by ________

grows by ________ and _________.

multi __________.


Definition

cellular cross-walls

seperated by septum

grows by mitosis and cytokinesis

multicellular


Term

Physarum

Phylum

Characteristics

-where it is common, derives nutrition from, transforms into ? during unfavorable conditions

Definition

Myxomycota

Common organism in moist forest floors, derives nutrition by ingesting decaying plants. Transforms into stalked sporangia when conditions are unfavorable.


Term

Hypertonic

high ______, little ______.

Animal cell ________ __.

Plant cell ______.


Definition

Hypertonic

high solute, little solvent.

Animal cell shrivals up.

Plant cell wilts.


Term

Smuts & Rusts

Phylum:

Characteristics:


Definition

Basidiomycota

Both Parasites

Smuts- produces black basidiocarps on ears of corn

Rusts- requires two host organisms, complex life cycle


Term

The Life Cycle of Plants

Alteration of Generations

Definition

Multicellular Haploid Plant Body (Gametophyte) -> mitosis -> syngamy -> zygote -> mitosis -> Multicellular Diploid Plant Body (Sporophyte- produces spores) -> sporangium-> meiosis of cells inside sporangium -> mitosis ->

 

*plants have all the same life cycle!

Term

Isosontic is _______ solvent and solute.

Preferred in animal cells.

Plant cell has _____ pressure.


Definition

same

 

little


Term

Adult fungi are ________ and

exhibit ________ sexual lifestyle.


Definition
haploid, haploid 
Term

Saprolegnia

Phylum:

Lives in ______,

observed on _______ _______ _________.

e.g., ______ (_____)

Definition

Lives in water, observed on decomposing aquatic animals.

e.g., fish (ich).


Term

Characteristics of Phylum Zygomycota

aka-

1. type of hyphae

2. how many species


Definition

aka zygomycetes

1. Aspetate Hyphae

2. 1000

Term

Fungi reproduce __________ (__________)

and produce ___________.


Definition

Fungi reproduce asexually (mitosis)

and produce spores

Term
basidiocarp 
Definition

"fruiting body"

macroscopic, mushrooms

(basidiomycota)

Term
[image]
Definition

1) Petals 

2) stem 

3) stamen 

4) anther 

5)filament 

6)Stigma

7)Pistil/Carpel

8)Style

9)Ovaries 

10)Ovule 

11)sepal 

Term

How does each of the following occur?

Gametophytes

Sporophytes

Meiospores

Zygote

What is the cycle that these are involved in?

Definition

Gametophytes: Formed from haploid mitosis

Sporophytes: Formed from diploid mitosis from a zygote.

Meiospores: Produced in specialized parts of the sporophyte, these are produced through meiosis. These are haploid spores.

Zygote: Formed through syungamy/fertilization by the uniting of gametes.

Term
How does reproduction occur in Kingdom Plantea?
Definition

Alternation of Generations

This has both diploid and haploid mitosis.

The result is a multicellular haploid plant body(gametophyte) and a multicellular diploid plant body(sporophyte).

Term
What are some typical asexual organisms? What is a problem with asexual reproduction?
Definition

Asexual: Mostly Monera, Protista, and Fungi

 

Problem: The produced organism is genetically identical to the parent. This homogenous population is severly limited in their ability to compete in changing environments.

Term

Typically conifers(cone bearing) and gymnospores(naked seeds).

1. Largest group of gymnospores

2. Typically trees and shrubs

3. Typically evergreenLeaves are needle-like or scale-like

5. Live in a wide range of environments

6. NAKED SEEDS

7. Examples: Yews, junipers, fir, pine, cedar, spruce, hemlock

Definition
Phylum Coniferophyta
Term
What are the differences between male and female cones?
Definition

Male cones are smaller and females are larger. The males are generally found at the bottom of the organism. Male gametophyte has the pollen/sperm. Beneath the modified leaves. Female never leaves the tree.

 

Cool/Special Fact: Jack Pine females open due to extreme heat, such as fire.

Term
Mycelium
Definition
Mass of hyphea.
Term
What are the only eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic by absorption?
Definition
Fungi
Term

Diffusion:

 

Osmosis:

Definition

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved. This can occur with any type of molecule.

 

Osmosis is the diffusion of water accross a differentially(or selectively) permeable membrane. A differentially permeable membrane allows the passage of the solvent(liquid) but not the solute(solid).

Term
Sarah
Definition
Totally awesome person who gets major props for online flash cards that are freaking sweet!
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
the process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells
Term

What does the fingers on your hand represent?

1) thumb

2) index

3) middle 

4) ring 

5) pinky 

Definition

1) Prokaryotes (monera) 

2) animal kingdom 

3)Plants 

4)fungi 

5)protists 

 

Term
The three fingers represent the major ways of nutrition, which are?
Definition

1)autotrophic by photosynthesis 

2) heterotrophic by abosrbtion 

3)heterotrophic by ingestion 

Term
People tend to be?
Definition
zoocentric (animal Centered )
Term

1) How many know groups of animals ?

 

How many percent are worms?

Definition

1) 33 groups 

2) 39%

Term

is solving problems of existence easy for worms?

 

If yes, Why?

Definition
Yes, thats why there is such a high percentage. or number 13 out of 33 groups.
Term
Mitosis and Cell differentiation is ?
Definition
Embryonic development
Term
What sexual life cycle do animals go through?
Definition
Diploid
Term

Diploid sex cycle

starting with a multicellular diploid animal body. 

Definition

Diploid animal body->meiosis->meiosis of cells inside ovaries and testes ->(it takes place to make sperm and eggs)->syngamy->produce zygote(diploid)->mitosis and gets you a fetus. 

 

They either fuse or die. 

Mitosis only occurs in Diploid. 

Term

What is Cleavage?

what is the function?

Definition

it is a rapid series of mitotic divison that immediately follows syngamy. 

to sub-divide the embryos into more cell embryos.

Term
What phylum does a polyp belong to?
Definition
Phylum Cnidaria
Term
Polyp's and Medusa's live in what type of water?
Definition
Marine Water (Habitats)
Term
Polyps have what form of symmetry?
Definition
Polyps have Radial Symmetry

Why?
Because they have:
NO HEADS
NO TOP or BOTTOM
NO RIGHT or LEFT sides
Term
How many openings does a polyp have?
Definition
The polyp has only a single opening to the body.
Term
The opening of the polyp is known as the ________?
Definition
MOUTH
Term
How is the mouth of the polyp directed? Up or Down?
Definition
The mouth of the polyp is usually directed UP.
But not always.
Term
Are polys motile?
Definition
No they are sessile.
Meaning they generally stay in a single spot.
Term
Phylum Cnidaria has two body forms or morphs, what are they?
Definition
1) Polyps
2) Medusa

See Figure 7.3
Term
What shape are polyps?
Definition
Polyps are tubular or cylindrical in shape
Term
Are ALL polyps sessile?
Definition
No, some polyps can move some can creep around the substrate others can do summersaults in order to move.
Term
Are polyps solitary (live as single individuals) or colonial (connected to other polyps directly or indirectly)?
Definition
Polyps can live BOTH solitary or in colonies.
Term
What are some general names for Phylum Cnidaria?
Definition
Hydras, jellyfishes, anemones, and corals.
Term
Subkingdom of Cnidarians
Definition
Eumetazoa
Term

Phylum Cnidaria

Level of Organizatoin:

Habitat:

# of Species:

Size:

Symmetry:

Germlayers:

Unique Cell Type:

Definition

Level of Organizatoin: Tissue

Habitat: Aquatic, mostly marine

# of Species: ~9500

Size: Ranges from small hydras to sea blubbler (3.5 meters long)

Symmetry: Radial

Germlayers: 2 (diploplastic)

Unique Cell Type: Cnidocyte

Term
General Life Cycle of a Cnidarian
Definition
[image]
Term

Cnidocytes

What Phylum are they specific to?

Where are they located?

What are they used for?

 

Definition

They are specific to Cnidarians

They are located all over the cnidarian,but are more specific to the tentacles.

They are used for protection and for killing/capturing prey

Term
What does pluripotent mean?
Definition
Pluripotency is the ability of the human embryonic stem cell to differentiate or become almost any cell in the body. Unlike totipotent they cannot be come any cell, only some.
Term

Cnidocytes

 

How many times can one single one be used?

What happens after they are used?

Definition
They are only used once. Afterwards they are shed.
Term

Cnidoocytes

What does it take to discharge one?

Definition

Two things:

1. A physical touch

2. Chemicals that say "I'm alive!"

Term
What do Cnidarians eat?
Definition

They are carnivivorous.

The food is taken into the GVC(gastro vascular cavity), enzyms are secreted, and leads to extracellular digestion.

Term

What suskeletal support do Cnidarians have?

Why?

Definition

They have a hydrostatic skeleton.

Due to water pressure, the fact that fluids cannot be compressed, and this allows the animal to be erect, upright and supported.

Term

Nervous System of Phylum Cnidarians

What do they consist of?

How do they work?

What is the form?

Definition

They have a nervous system,but they have no brain. The nerve cells have two parts: the nerve cell body with a nerve cell fiber on either side. On one side of the cell is a receptor and on the other is an effector. The receptor recieves environmental stimuli and the effector cells take action. Environment stimuli may include: touch(mechanical), temperature, gravity, chemicals, and light.

 

The nerve cells are specialized for the transmission of information in the form of electro-chemical pulses.

 

They are int he form of nerve "nets". Pulses may travel ineither direction, unlike in humans.

Term
What are some examples of Cnidarians that we studied in lab?
Definition
Hydra, Obelia(colonial hydrozoan), Aurelia(jellyfish), Metridum(anemone)
Term
What is an ocellus? what is the plural?
Definition
An ocellus is a photoreceptor. The plural is ocelli.
Term
What is a georeceptor?
Definition
It is used for directional purposes of up and down.
Term
How do cnidarians acheive respiration, circulation, water balance, and excretion?
Definition
Through diffusion.
Term

What organismis generally found living amutualistic relationship with corals?

Why?

Definition

Algea is usually found with corals.

The algea gets shelter and carbon dioxide and the coral gets oxyegenand food.

During the day the polyps do not come out, b/c plankton comes out at night, so during the day the coral feeds off the algea.

Term

Where do coral reefs occur?

Why?

Definition
Coral reefs occur where there is warm water, light(clear water), and undiluted sea water. Not becuase the coral requires it but because of the algea which teh coral shares a mutualistic relationship with.
Term
What is the basic problem of developmental biology?
Definition
To explain how a single cell, thje zygote, can give rise to the many different types of cellsof adults, all molded into a functioning individual.
Term
What are the two gametes?
Definition
Egg(ovum) and sperm.
Term
Are sperm penetration and fertilization the same thing?
Definition

NO!!!!!

Fertilization is the fusion of the two haploid sperm nuclei and the halpoid egg nuclei t forma  diploid cell.

Sperm penetration activates development NOT fertilization.

Term
What is the vitelline?
Definition
It is the second membrane/layer of the egg. It acts as a shield. It is activated after the egg has been penetrated so that other sperm are not entering the egg and killing it.
Term
As well as the activation of the vitelline, what also happens during penetration?
Definition
A fast block to polyspermy: Activation of electro-chemical change in the egg plasma membrane. For all intensive purposes it activates a sperm forcefield an about 1 to 2 seconds.
Term

Can an egg be activated artificially?

How?

Definition

Yes. Not all eggs can be, but some can. Such as some frog eggs. But in most cases this artificial activation kills the cell. NOT IN HUMANS

 

This can be done with a needle or mild electric shock. With this the egg is activated, the chromosomes spontaneously double, cleavage occurs, and a normal adult animal may occur.

Term

What is penetration?

What happens during penetration?

What is it also called?

Definition

Penetrationis the fusion of the sperm and egg membranes.

When the egg is penetrated, the corticule granules discharge their contents in between the two membranes of the egg. The contents soak up and attract water. This pushes the vitelline mebrane away. This process is called cortical reaction. It is a slow block to polyspermy,as opposed to the electro-chemical fast block to polyspermy. It takes about 30 to 60 seconds.

It is also called egg activation.

Term
What are the stages of cleavage before gastrulation?
Definition
[image]
Term
What is invagination?
Definition
[image]
Term

Cleavage: What is determined at these stages of cleavage:

1st Division

2nd Division

3rd Division

Definition

1st Division: Right and left side

2nd Division: Anterior and posterior

3rd Division: dorsal and ventral

Term

What is are the two "fates" of cells?

Definition of fate....

Definition

!. Indeterminate: Fate of these cells is not irreversibly determined. Has the ability to do different things in the same situation.

2. Cells have the ability to regulate or adjust their development.

Fate= What an area of younger embryos will become in an older embryo.

Term
What happens if an embryo splits into two seperate cells?
Definition
In echinoderms and chordates the two may grow into fully formed adults. Or they could die.
Term
What is capacity?
Definition
What an area of younger embryos is able to do under a variety of experimental situations.
Term
What is totipotent?
Definition

Each cell has the ability to become an entire organism.

 

 

These are the stem cells in the news.

Term
Mosaic Development
Definition

The fate of the cells are irreversibly determined. There are no stem cells.

 

 

This is also called mosaic development.

Term
How is early development controlled in animals?
Definition
By the nucleus and the cytoplasm. They come from the female gamete.
Term
Do we develop more from the female or male gamete?
Definition
From the female egg cytoplasm.
Term
What are morphological determinates?
Definition
Cytoplasmic determinates located in the female gamete. We do not know for sure, but we propose that they act to turn on/off genes.
Term
When does an embryo cease to be totipotent?
Definition
At the eight cell stage.
Term
What are the four typical characteristics of (early) cleavage (results)?
Definition

1. Zygote is converted into a multicellular animal (embryo)

2. No increase in size.

3. Embryo does not change shape.

4. The ratio of DNA to cytoplasm increases. DNA is being made, while cytoplasm is just being divided.

Term
What did Hilde Maugold do that Hans Spemann later got credit for?
Definition
Hilde took two related specimens of chordates, took the chordomesoderm of one and put it into the other and got either an extragrowth or a one stuck to the other, She found that the chordomesoderm establishes the longitudinal axis of the body and also induces the formation of the nervous system.
Term
What is a morula?
Definition
Also called a mulberry, it is at the 16 cell stage of cleavage.
Term
What is the blastula?
Definition
This starts with the 5th cleavage and ends when gastrulation occurs. It composed of a single layer of cells and is surrounded by a fluid filled space.
Term
What is a nerve cord?
Definition
is nothing more than a collection of nerve fibers. 
Term

What is ganglia?

 

 

Definition

it is a collection of nerve cell bodies. 

 

Term
What type of nervous system does the Phylum Platyhelminthes have? 
Definition
They have a ladder type nervous system because of the way it is structured. 
Term
What is Occeli? 
Definition
It provides directional information. 
Term
Planaria know up and down by the use of ?
Definition
Statocysts
Term
Does the Phylum Playthelminthes have any special respiration or circulation structures?
Definition
No, they dont. 
Term

Are the nervous and sensory organs in Phylum platyhelminthes complex?

 

 

Definition

Yes 

 

Term

Biology's Grand Unifying Theory Quote

 

Not to be memorized, but cool to look at ;)

Definition

"Nothing in biology makes sense except inthe light of evolution"

Thoedis Dobzhansky(1900-1975), Genecist

Term

Components of Darwinism

Name and describe each of the five.

Definition

1. Perpetual Change: The living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling--it is always changing

2. Common Descent: All forms of life desceded from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages

3. Multiplication of Species: A single (ancestral) poulation can split to produce two or more populations that become different from each ther (and the ancestral population) with time.

4. Gradualism: Populations of organisms accumulate small (incremental) changes over very long periods of time

5. Natural Selection: This is the mechanism that explains why organisms appear to be the designed to meet the demands of their environments, which is a phenomenon called adaption.

Term
Why are the nervous and sense organs complex in Phylum platyhelminthes?
Definition
because they are composed of ganglia and nerve cords. 
Term
What is a protoneluridum and what does it do?
Definition

It is a tube with a single opening to the outside which is a current producing mechanism that it is flame cell. It is a way for flatworms to get rid of water. 

 

so the excess water will diffuse into the tube and then the excess water exits the body and deals with their hypotonic enviroment. 

Term
What are the three possibilities of an organism to do when faced with environmental changes?
Definition

1. Adapt=evolution

2. Disperse=relocation

3. Die=extinction

 

It is important to remember that extinctionis NATURAL!

Term

What is a Metabolic Waste?

 

A common Metabolic Waste?

Definition

Common-Nitrogen, CO2 

 

Its substances left over from respiratory processes which cannot be used by the organism and they either have surplus or lethal qualities. 

Term
What are digestive wastes?
Definition
Its just stuff that isnt being used. 
Term

What is a major waste product in Flatworms ?

 

What do humans commonly use it for?

Definition

Ammonia-NH3 

 

We use it for disinfecting. 

Term
What is natural selection?
Definition

The process by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive generations.

 

The Survival of the Fittest

Term

Can flatworms tolerate ammonia in their body? 

 

Why?

Definition
No. because they have to get rid of it or they will die. They get rid of it by simple diffusion. 
Term
Can we plan for evolution? Is it a goal?
Definition
No and no. We know not what to plan for. Perhaps it is all luck!
Term
In Phylum Platyhelminthes what are 3 characteristics that are common to the 7 groups?
Definition

1) posses bilateral symmetry

2) exist at organ level 

3) That they are all triopblastic 

Term

What is mutation?

 

 

Is it predictable?

Definition
Mutation is a randomly derived change. It is not predictable.
Term
What is a key evidence of evolution?
Definition
Antibiotic ressitant bacterias such as MRSA and sifulus.
Term
Jamie
Definition
She is awesome, and i am soo happy to have her as a sister :) <3 you and our study sessions, talks and biology labs with pick up lines! cant wait to hang out with you even more. 
Term
What is the importance of surface area and volume to animals?
Definition
There are many functions of animals that depend on surfaces to supply the entire volume/mass of the animal. The
Term
Aleah
Definition

umm what more can i say than you are one of my besties. :) we talk, listen, stay up late. :) 

love you. 

Term
What is primary bilateral symmetry and why is it important?
Definition

It means larva because most animals develop from the zygote to the larva then metamorphosis. so larva is the primary and adult is the secondary. 

 

Term
what shape are Flatworms?
Definition
they are ribbon shaped and dorsal ventrally flattened. 
Term
What are some common function of diffusion?
Definition

Oxygen is absorbed across surfaces (lungs, gills, skin)

Carbon dioxide is released across surfaces

Water intake and outtake

Metabolic waste is diffused

Digested food is absorbed/diffused

Term
What is a flatworms lifestyle?
Definition
They are free living and mostly terrestrial. 
Term
What is the gut type of flatworms?
Definition
if a gut type is present then it is the GVC. Gastrovascular cavity. 
Term
What is the mesoderm?
Definition
It is the third cell layer, the other two being the endoderm and ectoderm.
Term
What Coelom does flatworms have?
Definition
acoelomate which is solid. 
Term
What is the size of flatworms usually?
Definition
They are microscopic and get between 35-40 feet long. 
Term
What is a phenotype?
Definition
A phenotype is an observable characteristic of an organism.
Term
The number of species for flatworms is?
Definition
about 15,000
Term
Why are flatworms flat?
Definition
They are flat because they are solid. 
Term
Why is bilateral symmetry important in flatworms?
Definition
it is important because it allows for directional movement. and that is possible because it has a head. 
Term
What are the levels of organization?
Definition

1) cell 

2) Tissue 

3) organ

Term
On who or what does natural selection operate AND who or what evolves?
Definition
Natural selection works on phenotypes. Individuals are selected, but populations evolve.
Term

What is the BMP-4 gene? What does it do?

 

What does noggin cells do?

Definition

Bone morphogenetic protein 4. When active it tells cells to become ventral cells.

 

Noggin turns off the BMP4 gene. It is active in the dorsal of the embryo.

Term

The Tissue level is?

What phylum?

Definition

Cnardia 

This is where the animals have tissues. 

tissues are a collection of cells grouped together to perform functions. mostly talking about simple tissues. 

Term

What is the organ level? 

What Phylum or (s)?

Definition

It is where the organs are present, which is a collection that work together to perform common functions. They also posses cells. 

7 remaining phyla are here. 

Echinodermata, Playtheminthes, nematoda, annelida, Mollusca, Chordata, Arthropoda, 

Term

What is cell level?

Phylum?

Definition

Porifera-sponges

it is where animals are composed that cells are functionally different. they do different things and there may even be some division of labor, or some that are only involved in reproduction. but they have a little tendency to perform collective functions. Independent of each other. 

Term
What is Bilateral symmetry?
Definition
 two sides meaning there is only one plane of divison and that it is a mirror image but not identical. and to have a head, anterior, posterior, dorsal and ventral sides. 
Term
What is Radial Symmetry?
Definition
it is where you can split or divide in multiple ways and still have mirror images 
Term
What is asymmterical?
Definition
No symmtery, you cant divide it and get mirror images. 
Term

An example of Radial symmtery is?

Why?

Definition

A starfish. 

because the starfish does not have a head, anterior,posterior, end or right or left side. instead we refer to it as the oral and aboral surface.

oral=mouth

aboral=no mouth. 

Term
How many layers of cells does the gastrula have?
Definition
At least two.
Term
Acoelomate is?
Definition
its a type of body cavity where there is no space and it is filled with cells, is solid and has no actual body cavity.
Term
What is a protostome?
Definition
develop so that the first opening in the embryo is the mouth (protostome = first mouth). Protostomes are bilaterally symmetrical, have three germ layers, the organ level of organization, the tube-within-a-tube body plan, and a true coelom. Embryo develooped with spiral cleavage.
Term
What are phylums that are protostome?
Definition
Mollusks, annalids, and arthropods.
Term
What is a deuterostome?
Definition
develop the anus first, then the mouth at the other end of the embryo.
Term

What are some deuterostome characteristics?

 

 

Definition
  • Radial cleavage in embryonic cell division: the daughter cells sit on top of previous cells.
  • Fate of cells is indeterminate; if embryonic cells are separated, each one develops into a complete organism.
  • The blastopore is associated with the anus, and the second embryonic opening is associated with the mouth.
Term
Tripoblastic means?
Definition
3 germ layers. 
Term
What phylums are deuterostomes?
Definition
Echinoderms and chordates
Term
Diploblastic means?
Definition
2 germ layers which are ectoderm and endoderm 
Term
What is the archentoeron?
Definition
It is the primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula.
Term

Pseudocoelomate is?

 

Definition

a type of body cavity that is false. There is no mesoderm surrounding the internal organs. so when an animal moves so is his organs. 

example: nematoda 

Term
Eucoelomate is?
Definition
A true body cavity that the ectoderm is on the outside, everything else inside the mesoderm and then the endoderm in the inside. they also have mistenery which surround all the organs-gut. 
Term
Do sponges have germ layers?
Definition
No they dont because they are weird.
Term
What is the blastoceol?
Definition
Fluid filled spaceinthe center of the blastula.
Term
What are the three major subkingdoms of Metazoa?
Definition

1) Eumetazoa

2) Parazoa

3) Mesozoa 

Term
The Subkingdom Mesozoa is?
Definition
The middle: 1 phylum with about 50 species and they are the internal parasites of marine invertebrates. 
Term
what is the subkingdom parazoa?
Definition
It is the before phyla Porifera and placozoa. 
Term

What is the subkingdom eumetazoa?

 

Definition
It is all the true. Its all the other animal Phyla. 
Term

In the Division Protostomia 

The phylum in Acoelomate are?

Definition
Platyhelminthes.
Term

In the division protostomia, 

what phylum is pseudocoelmoate ?

Definition
It is Nematoda 
Term

In the division protostomia,

What phylum(s) is Eucoelomate?

 

Definition
Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca
Term

In the division Deuterostomia, 

what phylums are Eucoelomate?

Definition
Echinodermata, Chordata. 
Term
What level of organization is Phylum Porifera-sponges?
Definition
Cell level
Term
What is the phylum Porifera's enviroment/habitat?
Definition
aquatic. 
Term
How many numbers of species does the Phylum Porifera have?
Definition
10,000 aprox.
Term
What is the lifestyle of sponges?
Definition
They are sessile as adults, which means they are attached to one spot for most of their life. 
Term
What is the size range of sponges?
Definition
from a few millimeters to more than a meter in width and height. 
Term
What symmetry does sponges have?
Definition
Sponges are asymmetrical and have no mirror images or radial. 
Term
How many cell layers does a sponge have?
Definition
2 and outer and inner cell layer but do not have true germ layers. 
Term
What is the inbetween two cell layers in a sponge is?
Definition
mostly non-cellular getlatist stuff and we will call it mesoglea. 
Term
The life of a sponge is?
Definition
to basically pump water into its body. It is porous and holey. 
Term
The incurrent openings in a sponge is called?
Definition
a ostium or plural is ostia. 
Term
What is the outcurrent openings in a sponge called?
Definition
Osculum or oscula which is plural. 
Term
What is the outer layer in a sponge composed of?
Definition
It is composed of Pinacocyte. Which means it moves water, contains oxygen, moves out waste, traps food, phagocytosis and digests food. 
Term
What does Pinacocyte mean?
Definition
That its flat.
Term
The inner cell layer of a sponge is composed of?
Definition

Choanocyctes. 

which means it has a collar and that is composed of microvilli, finger like projections of the plasma membrane. the flagella moves the water through the sponge, muscus on collar and foof gets trapped on collara and then get engulfed by phagocyctosis . 

Which is called-intracellular digestion-because ingested inside cell body.

Term
Choanocyctes in sponges means?
Definition
That its a funnel like shape. Also it is unique cell to sponges and no one else has it. 
Term
In sponges spicules are?
Definition
needle-like structures and are typically embedded in the mesoglea. Composed of calcium carbonate in some which is commonly called limestone. 
Term
Other sponges skeletal structures are composed of?
Definition

Silicon dioxide-glass 

which provides support and protection. 

 

Term
bath sponges are composed of?
Definition
collagen.
Term
There is also a fibrous protein in sponges called?
Definition
collagen and when there is collagen there is no spicules. 
Term
Sexual reproduction in sponges starting with an Ova is?
Definition
Ova +sperm produces a zygote and then produces a larva, the life cycle that disperses the organism. then larva goes through metamorphosis-which is motile until it becomes an adult and then it is sessile. 
Term
When does a sponge become sessile?
Definition
When its an adult.
Term
Sponges Asexual reproduction is called?
Definition
budding.
Term
Budding in sponges is?
Definition
is an out growth of a sponge that detaches and the detached thing becomes a new sponge. it also reproduces gemmules. 
Term
Gemmules in sponges are?
Definition
is an aggregation of sponge cells that are surrounded by a resistant covering. it also allows for them to survive in harsh conditions and mostly fresh water. 
Term
Is there any structures for respiration, circulation, water balance, excretion in sponges?
Definition
no there is no special structures to accomplish these functions and they accomplish this by simple diffusion. all the cells are incontact with the environment. 
Term
What is the sponges behavior?
Definition
They move water through their bodies, THATS IT.
Term
Do sponges have a nerve system or nerve cells?
Definition
nope, none, nada.
Term

A sponge is like a colony of?

Because?

Definition
Protists because there is no means of communication of anything in rapid fashion, which is what nervous systems do. 
Term
Are sponges independent or dependent?
Definition
independent. 
Term

An experiment for sponges was performed when?

What did he do with two different sponges?

Definition

in the 1990's and the two sponges he took 1 orange and 1 yello and broke them apart and seperated all the individual cells. he poured two things together and then saw that they crawled around and fused together with their original color. 

Did they reconigize each other? yes.

Term
Sponges 1st opening is?
Definition
the excurrent. 
Term
Sponges ______ bodies, the interactions and interdependency is how it?
Definition
do posses bodies and its how it distinguishes a body from a clump of cells. 
Term
There is 3 criteria for bodies (how did bodies come about-inner fish)
Definition

1) cells that have rivets- which help hold cells together 

2) cells must be able to communicate with each other, they do it by producing molecules which molecules are perceived by receptors on the plasma membrane and have a turn on/off gene. 

3) that there is stuff between cells & among cells, otherwise it is just a collection of cells or mostly collagen.

Term
The ladder of life is?
Definition
Wrong, bullshit, stupid and all that fancy stuff. 
Term

The 9 major phylums does make up 50%?

True or False?

Definition
False, silly..its about 99% 
Term
What had branched out later after Darwinism?
Definition
Natural Selection
Term
The sperm is?
Definition
Motile. 
Term
What are other characteristics of sperm?
Definition
that it is really small, not alot of yoke or cytoplasm. it also mainly consists of chromosomes. 
Term
before syngamy can happen what must take place?
Definition
the sperm has to penetrate the egg. 
Term
in addition to the plasma membrane there is a 2nd __________ membrane. 
Definition
vitelline. 
Term
The vitelline membrane does what?
Definition
it lifts off then it is called the fertilization membrane, it is a physical mechanism for it to push away the other sperm. 
Term
after syngamy happens what does it produce?
Definition
a diploid, which is a fertilized egg that is called a zygote.  
Term
After fertilization what happens to the embryos?
Definition
Cleavage happens which is a mitotic divison. 
Term
the 1st cleavage division does what?
Definition
two embryos. 
Term
Then the 2nd cleavage does what?
Definition
which puts it into 4 cell embryos. 
Term
the 3rd cleavage is ?
Definition
an 8 celled embryo. 
Term
During the mitotic divisons/cleavage what happens with the size of the embryo?
Definition
it stays the same size, because the mass is not being made bigger, just the cleavage is sub-diving it. 
Term
The Morula is?
Definition
The 16 celled stage for starfish and staying the same. 
Term
The bastula is?
Definition

the 32 celled stage for a starfish and it does stay the same. 

the def: is an embryo composed of a single layer of cells surrounding a fluid filled space. 

Term
a blast omir is what?
Definition
sprout part, so that the cells are called Blast-o-mirs. 
Term
the blastocoel is called?
Definition
fluid-filled space 
Term
The cleavage just ?
Definition
divides it into smaller and smaller cells until sometimes you cant see it without microscopes. 
Term
a single layer of cells is?
Definition
not the same thickness all the way around. 
Term
The cells are thicker because?
Definition
the yoke on that side of the embryo is more. 
Term
The thicker side of the cell with more yoke is called?
Definition
Vegetal hemisphere. 
Term
Animal hemisphere?
Definition

doesnt have as much yoke. 

but both develop into embryo.

Term
at the pole of the vegetal hemisphere the cells are being moved inward. The cells are actually moving and this happens only on the vegetal hemisphere. It contiunes to move inward and it is changing shape. then it is becoming longated then another cell layer has been created. Which is called?
Definition
Gastrolation 
Term
Archenterion 
Definition
is the ancient or primitive gut. 
Term
a blastopore is?
Definition
is the opening of the moving part of cells. 
Term
the outside layer of the cells is called the?
Definition
echtoderm 
Term
The inside layer is called the
Definition
endoderm
Term

the messoderm is the _____ layer?

and it is ?

Definition

3rd germ layer 

and between the echto/endo derms and its a form as pouchs off the gut which is like entercoelic pounching. 

Term
The space that is developing into the coelom or body cavity is doing what to the animal body?
Definition
making it so the body has no exit or entrance to the outside world. 
Term

Morphogenetic movements are also called?

and they do what?

Definition

Invagination 

and they move inward.

Term
Those cells keep moving and then finally outward called?
Definition
evaginate. 
Term
Animals with a mouth and anus are?
Definition
deuterostones meaning having a 2nd opening. 
Term
Schizoelous means?
Definition
a split. 
Term
Protostones
Definition

cells form really close to the blastopore and deatact and being growing by mitosis. then eventually spilt forms when it gets big enough and then the final stage will be the same. the original opening into the gut, opens into the mouth. 

 

Term
Protostones which pyhlum is in it?
Definition
annelids, mollusks, arthropods.
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