Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Bio Exam 1 Tresser
N/A
49
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/22/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Naturalist
Definition
The universe is all there is. (matter and energy)
The world spontaneously came into existence.
Things only happen by natural processes.
Term
Theist
Definition
God exists
God created the world
God acts in His creation
Term
Properties of Metal
Definition
shiny, malleable and good conductors (passers) of heat and electricity
Term
Properties of Non-metal
Definition
dull, brittle crystalline solids (or gases or liquids) and are good insulators (don't pass on) of heat and electricity
Term
Electronegativity
Definition
The force a nucleus exerts on the electrons in its shells.
Bonds between atoms with similar electronegativities will form non-polar bonds.
Bonds between atoms with different electronegativities will form polar bonds.
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
Two nonmetals share electrons
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
“electron stealing”
-Weaker than covalent bonds
-A metallic atom loses an e- to form a cation;
-A nonmetallic atom gains an e- to form an anion;
Term
Hydrogen bond
Definition
Two molecules with polar covalent bonds;
Each molecule has a “delta negative” and “delta positive” ;
These partial cations and anions attract each other by Coulomb’s Law;
”Weak Ionic Bond”
Molecules remain distinct: no molecular formula
-Holds DNA together
-Hold proteins in proper shape
Term
Acids and Bases
Definition
Acids release hydrogen ions while bases accept hydrogen ions and release hydroxide.
Strong acid- completely dissociates in water leaving H+ along with the anion
Strong base- completely dissociates in water leaving OH- along with the cation
Term
Buffers
Definition
-keeps the pH of a solution, constant
-Significant amounts of acid or base can be added with very little effect on the pH
Term
Condensation Reaction
Definition
Two or more molecules combine into a larger one, while losing a water molecule
(Dehydration reaction)
Term
Hydrolysis reaction
Definition
A polymer is broken down into monomers with an water molecule being added each time
Term
Macromolecules
Definition
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Monosaccharides: simple sugars
Disaccharides: two monosaccharides joined together
Polysaccharides: (starch, fiber)

Function: Cells can break down carbohydrates, releasing energy and forming bonds in ATP
Term
Monosaccarides
Definition
-Hexose- Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
-Pentose- Ribose, Deoxyribose
Term
Disaccarides
Definition
Sucrose=glucose+fructose
Lactose=glucose+galactose
Maltose=glucose+glucose
Term
Polysaccarides
Definition
-glycogen (animals)
-starch (plants)
-cellulose (plants)
Term
Lipids
Definition
Types:
1. Free Fatty Acids
2. Triglycerides
3.Steroids
Functions:
1.Energy Storage
2.Cell structure
3.Signaling
Term
Amino acids
Definition
Building blocks of proteins.
A carbon atom links to an amine group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain (R group)
Amino acids make up proteins
Term
Different R groups
Definition
-Charged- Amino acids with electrically hydrophilic side chains
-Polar- Amino acids with polar, but uncharged side chains (water soluble)
-Non-Polar- Amino acids with nonpolar hydrophobic side chains (no nitrogen or oxygen) (hydrophobic)
Term
Peptide Bond
Definition
between the Nitrogen and Carbon, or the Amine group and the Carboxyl group.
Term
Protein
Primary Structure
Definition
Amino acid sequence
aa-aa-aa-aa
Term
Protein
Secondary Structure
Definition
-Folds itself
-Α Helix
-Β plated
-Held together by Hydrogen bonds
Term
Protein
Tertiary Structure
Definition
All completely folds together
Term
Protein
Quaternary
Definition
-how they interact with other proteins
-4 different proteins that make up
hemoglobin proteins
b. 4 identical subunits
c. Made of multiple proteins called globins
d. Proteins can be pulled apart and can
be put together again. Pull it apart and you won't kill the protein.
Term
Nucleic Acid
Definition
Responsible for storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information
Term
DNA
Definition
a. Nucleotides are polymerized together through the phosphates
b. Connecting 3rd Carbon to 5th Carbon of nucleotides to connect
c. Two strands are "anti-parallel":
d. T and A only make 2 hydrogen bonds while the G and C are able to make 3 hydrogen bonds
Term
RNA
Definition
a.Very similar to DNA except for an additional oxygen group on its 2nd Carbon
b.Wherever there's a T in DNA, there's a U (uracil) instead.
c.Are almost always made single stranded.
Term
Ribose phosphate backbone
Definition
The base and the phosphate
Term
Names of bases
Definition
Pyrimdines
-Cytosine
-Thymine
-Uracil
Purines
-Adenine
-Guanine
Term
Chromatin
Definition
-DNA associated with its proteins holding it together
-Condensed" DNA w ith protein:
-Histone proteins
-Made of 8 proteins linked together
-Stacked together and twisted again
Term
Prokaryote
Definition
-Peptidoglycan (sugar coat outside membrane)
-single celled
-e.Bacteria morphology
i.Staphylococcus
1.Coccus refers to sphere like form
ii.Filamentous bacteria
1.Long strands
iii.Bacillus
1.Broad shaped
Term
Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative
Definition
Gram positive:Anthrax (when you put the dye on it,it sticks and stains their cell wall)
Gram negative: E.C coli (has additional membrane
outside peptidoglycan layer.
So the dye doesn't stain it very well)
Term
Eukaryote
Definition
a.Animals (Metazoans or multi-cellular), Plants, Fungi, Protists (Protozoa), Algae
b.Eukaryotic Cell
i.Compartmentalization: allows for specialization (can do different reactions in different chambers inside the cell membrane)
ii.Often much bigger than prokaryotic cells
iii.Metazoan animals:
1.Specialized cell types, each with a unique function
Term
Organelles
Definition
a membrane-bound compartment with its own unique structure and function.
Term
Nuclear envelope
Definition
i. Two bilayers wrapped around each other (two membranes)
ii. Nuclear pore complex
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
assembles ribosomes from proteins and rRNA
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
a network of membranes that form flattened, fluid-filled tubules, or cisternae
Term
Rough ER
Definition
-Sorts proteins that are destined for the ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, -vacuoles, plasma membrane, or outside of the cell
-Inserts of certain newly made proteins into the ER membrane
-Attaches carbohydrates to proteins and lipids
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
-Diverse metabolic processes
-Carbohydrate metabolism
-Accumulation of calcium ions
-Synthesis of phospholipids
Term
Ribosome
Definition
-involved in polypeptide synthesis
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
the shape of the cell
Term
microfilaments (actin)
Definition
i.Double stranded polymer of individual actin subunits
ii.Usually associated with membrane
iii.Quatrenary structure
iv.Highly branched network
v.Constantly growing and/or shrinking
vi.Inside the cell
vii.Functions
1.Cell shape
2.Cell-cell contact
3.Cell movement
4.Cell Division
Term
microtubules (alpha beta tubulin)
Definition
i.Made of two distinct tubulin proteins: alpha and beta tubulins
ii. Alpha and Beta Dimerize together
iii.Continuously polymerizing and de-polymerizing
iv.Functions
1.Axon shape (of neuron)
2.Intracellular transport
3.Cell division (spindle)
Term
intermediate filaments:(eg. lamin)
Definition
i. Composed of many different protein subunits
ii. Lamin: in the nucleus
iii. Keratin: hair, nails
iv. Function:
1. Transport in the cell
2. Structure of the nucleus
v. Inside and outside of cells
vi. Longer thinner
vii. Individual proteins form together to make a dimer. Then they stack together. Then they roll up into bigger tubes. Very rope-like.
Term
Teleology
Definition
Saying something has a purpose. (Ex: The heart is for pumping blood)
Term
irreducible complexity
Definition
Remove any part of the machine=Becomes non-functional
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
i. Inner membrane
1. Highly invaginated (folded) to form projections called cristae
2. Site were ATP is made
3. The compartment enclosed by the inner membrane is the mitochondrial matrix
ii. Primary role: to make ATP
1. Break down covalent bonds in sugars, fats, and amino acids to store large amount of energy
iii. Other functions:
1. Involved in the synthesis, modification, and breakdown of several types of cellular molecules.
2. Generate heat in specialized fat cells known as brown fat cells
Term
Plastid Functions
Definition
i. Chloroplasts are specialized versions of plant organelles known as plastids
ii. All plastids are derived from unspecialized proplastids
iii. Often contain pigments that perform photosynthesis
Supporting users have an ad free experience!