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Bio Diversity-Exam 2
Cook & Caparella exam 2
102
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/24/2013

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Term
phylogeny
Definition
taxon history
Term
phylogenetic tree
Definition
evolutionary tree
Term
systematics
Definition
biological science of reconstructing phylogeny
Term
taxon
Definition
group of related organisms
Term
grouping
Definition
must be in a grade;
Term
ranking
Definition
position in relation to another; included in a clade
Term
classification
Definition
organization into groups
Term
linnean hierarchy
Definition
philosophical study of biological taxonomy
Term
node
Definition
distinguishing features of a taxa
Term
branch or line segment
Definition
represents a relationship between taxa
Term
clade
Definition
organisms with a common ancestor.
Term
classification of species in order of species to domain
Definition
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
Term
cladistics
Definition
dominant systematics method for reconstructing phylogeny
Term
cladist
Definition
biologist who classifies organisms based on the principles of cladistics
Term
cladogram
Definition
phylogenetic tree reconstructed by cladistics method
Term
monophyletic
Definition
group of taxon with a common ancestor
Term
shared similarity
Definition
any characteristic they have in common
Term
homology
Definition
similarity due to a shared a common ancestor
Term
homoplasy
Definition
characteristics shared by diff species due to shared evolution
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
evolution of a similar trait in diff organisms due to another reason other than a common ancestor
Term
shared ancestral character
Definition
very first character
Term
shared derived character
Definition
characteristics that set the taxa apart
Term
ancestral character
Definition
inherited from a common ancestor
Term
derived character
Definition
trait evolved in the ancestor of a group & is present in taxa
Term
character-taxa matrix
Definition
annotation of each species with a particular character state of each described character
Term
outgroup
Definition
part of the phylogeny we arent looking at
Term
ingroup
Definition
part of the phylogeny we are looking at
Term
natural selection
Definition
NOT goal oriented.. organisms with favorable characteristics survive, & reproduce organisms more successful than organisms without who dont posses the traits
Term
two step process
Definition
1. random
2. directional
Term
selective process or force
Definition
any phenomena which alters the behavior and fitness of living organisms within an environment
Term
adaptation
Definition
trait with current functional role in life history that is maintained & evolved by means of natural selection
Term
fitness
Definition
ability of a population to maintain or increase its #'s in succeeding generations.
Term
differential reproductive practice
Definition
one group or individual has better success than another
Term
descent with modification
Definition
when a trait moves through a species and continues along
Term
Darwin's two objectives
Definition
diverse groups of animals..(1)evolve form one or a few common ancestors..(2)evolve from natural selection.
Term
shoot
Definition
stem and leaves, anything above soil
Term
root hair
Definition
thin outgrowth that absorbs water and nutrients
Term
meristems
Definition
growing parts of a plant
Term
inter determinate growth
Definition
growth with no limitations
Term
root
Definition
anchors the plant, absorbs nutrients, H20 storage
Term
leaf structure
Definition
photosynthesis happens here..
Term
vacuole
Definition
membrane organelle, isolates materials that may harm the cell, contains waste, contains water.
Term
cell wall
Definition
cellulose, provides support, has a vacuole
Term
plasmodesmata
Definition
intercellular connections
Term
parenchyma
Definition
unspecialized, polyhedral cells
Term
collenchyma
Definition
unevenly thickened PRIMARY cells
Term
schlerenchyma
Definition
thick SECONDARY walls
Term
fibrers
Definition
elongate to grow
Term
schlerids
Definition
store cells
Term
cuticle
Definition
outermost layer of epidermis
Term
epidermis
Definition
outer protective (NON-vascular) layer
Term
stoma
Definition
water evaporation and gas exchange
Term
guard cells
Definition
in plants only.. bordering parts of the epidermis, size changing in response to change in water levels.
Term
trichomes
Definition
any hairlike outgrowth from the surface of a plant
Term
primary walls are..
Definition
thick
Term
secondary walls are..
Definition
thin
Term
lignin
Definition
for strength and waterproofing
Term
xylem
Definition
conducts H20
Term
phloem
Definition
conducts food
Term
sieve tube is connected by..
Definition
plasmodesmata
Term
dermal tissue
Definition
for protection of water loss
Term
vascular tissue
Definition
is for transporting water, minerals, and food
Term
ground
Definition
where photosynthesis happens, food is stored, and supports the cell
Term
haploid
Definition
one set of chromosomes
Term
diploid
Definition
two sets of chromosomes
Term
mitosis
Definition
diploid to diploid
Term
meiosis
Definition
diploid to haploid
Term
fertilization
Definition
haploid to diploid
Term
zygote
Definition
fertilized egg cell
Term
sporophyte
Definition
spore producing generation of plant
Term
spore
Definition
asexual reproductive structure
Term
gametophyte
Definition
phase producing male and female gametes
Term
gamete
Definition
cell involved in reproduction (sperm or egg)
Term
sexual reproduction
Definition
reproduction involving union of gametes resulting in a zygote
Term
asexual reproduction
Definition
reproduction by which offspring are from one parent
Term
shared derived characters of plants and algae
Definition
enzyme glycolate oxidase, cell division, dna sequencing, ultrastructure of a flagellate cell
Term
shared derived characteristics of plants
Definition
gametophytes produce gametes in multicellular gametangia, multicelluar diploid embryo retained on parent plant, sporopollen in spore walls
Term
embryo
Definition
human offspring in developmental stage
Term
sporopollennin
Definition
polymer in spore's outter layer
Term
poikilohydry
Definition
capacity to tolerate dehydration and recover form it without physiological damage
Term
homeodry
Definition
maintain constant internal H20 level
Term
anatomy of bryophytes
Definition
poikilohydry, small attached rhizoids, stomata on sporophytes of horn warts or mosses
Term
3 clades of bryophytes
Definition
liverworts, hornworts, mosses
Term
grade
Definition
animals similar on an evolutionary level
Term
clade
Definition
anything after a node on a phylogeny.. evolved form a common ancestor
Term
sphagnum
Definition
moss growing in wet acidic temperate region that decays and becomes compacted to form peat moss
Term
peatlands
Definition
areas of peat bogs
Term
structure of modern seedless vascular plants
Definition
homeohydry, branched sporophytes, rhizomes, roots, leaves ARE the sporophytes.
Term
dichotomous branching occurs in what?
Definition
lychophytes! (lycopodium, salaginella, isoetes)
Term
micrphyll
Definition
a leaf with only one vascular bundle and no complex veins
Term
megaphyll
Definition
appendage supplied by a single unbranched
Term
sporophyll
Definition
leaf that bears sporangia(thing that makes spores)
Term
rhizoids
Definition
simple hairlike structures that extend from the bottom of bryophytes.
Term
rhizome
Definition
modified stem of a plant, meant to anchor the plant.
Term
lychophytes anatomy
Definition
dichotomous branching
Term
ferns anatomy
Definition
non-dichotomous branching, psilotum(whisk fern), equisetum(horsetail), tree/water fern
Term
moss and fern BOTH
Definition
alteration of generations, flagellated sperm
Term
mosses(different)
Definition
gametophyte generation is dominant
Term
ferns(different)
Definition
sporophyte generation is dominant
Term
diversification for spore dispersal
Definition
water, wind, animals
Term
homospory
Definition
one type of sporangium & spore
Term
heterospory
Definition
megasporangium with megaspores(female) & microspores(male(
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