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Bio// Carbs, lipids, proteins
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58
Biology
9th Grade
12/02/2008

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Cards

Term

List the four types of organic compounds essential for all iiving organisms.

Definition

a. Carbohydrates

b. Proteins

c. Lipids

d. Nucleic Acids

Term

Define: Macromolecule

Definition

A large, organic molecule.

Term

Define: Polymer

Definition

A large macromolecule consisting of many identicle or similar molecules

Term

Define: Monomer

Definition

Molecules that serve as the building blocks for larger molecules

Term

Define: Dehydration Synthesis reaction

Definition

Reactions when molecules are chmically combined and water is a product.

Term

List the ELEMENTS that carbohydrates are composed of.

Definition

a. Carbons


b. Oxygens


c. Hydrogens

Term
In what ratio do the hydrogen to oxygen atoms occur in carbohydrates?
Definition

2:1 (Hydrogen:Oxygen)

Term

List the three principal kinds of carbohydrates.

Definition

a. monosacchrides

b. disaccharides

c. polysaccharides

Term

Monosaccharides: examples and functions.

Definition

Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose

Functions: main source of energy for organisms.

Term

Disaccharides: examples and functions.

Definition

Examples: sucrose, maltose, lactose

Functions: main source of energy for organisms

Term

Polysaccharides: examples and functions.

Definition

Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose

Functions: energy storage; cell walls

Term

List the elements that make up a lipid.

Definition

a. carbon

b. hydrogen

c. oxygen

 

(no hydrogen:oxygen ratio!)

Term

How does the number of C, H, and O atoms in a lipid differ from a carbohydrate?

Definition

There are more C-H bonds, less C-O bonds than carbohydrates. These store more energy - more calories.

Term
List the three types of lipids.
Definition
a. triglycerides
b. waxes
c. steroids
Term
Triglycerides: functions
Definition
long term energy storage
cushioning for organs
insulation
 
oils & fats
(oils -> plants; fats -> animals)
Term
Waxes: functions
Definition

waterproof lipids

ex. earwax

Term
Steroids: functions
Definition
4 carbon rings
promotes development
reduces inflamation
regulates nutriet levels
ex. cholestrol, testosterone, cortistone
Term
What are fatty acids?
Definition
Building blocks of triglycerides
3 triglycerides + 1 glycerol = 1 triglyceride
Term
Define (as related to fatty acids): saturated
Definition
No double bonds existing between carbon atoms of hydrocarbon tail (usually found in fats).
Term
Define (as related to fatty acids): unsaturated
Definition
One or more double bonds existing between carbon atoms of hydrocarbon tail (usually found in oils).
Term
List the four elements always present in proteins.
Definition
a. carbon
b. hydrogen
c. oxygen
d. nitrogen
Term
What are the monomers that make up proteins called?
Definition
amino acids
Term
Name 4 types of proteins.
Definition

a. collogen

b. enzymes

c. hormones

d. antibodies

Term
Collogen: functions
Definition
structural protein
found in bones, cartilage, tendons
Term
Enzymes: functions
Definition
Biological catalyst that controls rate of reactions
Term
Hormones: functions
Definition
Chemical messengers that regulate cellular activities such as growth, sexual developments, metabolism.
Term
Antibodies: functions
Definition
Produced by immune system to help destroy disease-causing organisms and other antigens.
Term
Name the 4 levels of protein organization.
Definition
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary
Term
What is the primary level of organization in proteins?
Definition
The specific order that the animo acids are arranged in.
Term
What is the secondary level of protein organization?
Definition
The polypeptide is shaped into sections of alpha helices or beta pleated sheets.
Term
What is the tertiary level of protein organization?
Definition
The helices or pleated sheets are folded to form a three-dimensional protein molecule. Portions forming compact units are called domains.
Term
What is the quartenary level of protein organization?
Definition
Multiple polymeptides fit together to form a single functional protein.
Term
Define: Polypeptide
Definition
A macromolecule consisting of a nonbranching sequence of animo acids, held together by peptide bonds.
Term
Define: Protein
Definition
A macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded & held together by molecular interactions (hydrogen & ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, Van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions, etc)
Term
Define: zanthoproteic
Definition
a compound that turns yellow in the presence of protein.
xantho- = yellow
-proteic = protein
Term
What substance does Biuret test for, and how does it change color?What is something it reacts to?
Definition
Tests for: Proteins
Color: Light blue -> Lavender
ex. egg white, cream cheese
Term
What substance does Benedict's Solution test for, and how does it change color?What is something it reacts to?
Definition
Tests for: monosaccharides
Color: Light blue -> Orange, green, red
ex. ?
*must be boiled prior to obtaining results
Term
What substance does Iodine test for, and how does it change color?What is something it reacts to?
Definition
Tests for: polysaccharides
Color: Yellow-brown -> dark purple-black
ex. Oatmeal
Term
What substance does brown paper test for, and how does it change color?What is something it reacts to?
Definition
Tests: Triglycerides
Color: Brown -> transluscent
ex. butter
Term
What substance does Nitric Acid test for, and how does it change color?What is something it reacts to?
Definition
Tests: Proteins
Color: Clear -> Yellow
ex. fingernails, egg white
Term
What substance...
  • speeds up reactions
  • act as hormones
  • act as antibodies
  • act as enzymes
  • are used for growth & repair
  • forms collagen
Definition
Proteins
Term
What substance...
  • are the main source of energy for living things
  • forms starch
  • forced glycogen
  • forms glucose
Definition
Carbohydrates
Term
What substance...
  • forms hormones
  • provides insulation
  • forms oils
  • fforms fats
  • cushions organs
  • forms waxes
Definition
Lipids
Term
What substance...
  • forms DNA
  • stores information for making proteins
Definition
Nucleic acids
Term
Describe the structure of fatty acids.
Definition
Long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl (CO2H) group at the end.
Term
Saturated vs. Unsaturated fatty acids
Definition
Saterated:
  • every available bonding site on carbons is bonded to hydrogen atom
  • no double bonds between carbons
  • solids at room temperature (fats)
Unsaturated:
  • have double bonds between carbon atoms
  • liquids at room temperature (oils)
Term
Fatty acid hydrogenation
Definition
  • Process of adding hydrogen atoms to unsaturated oils to make them solid. Forms trans fatty acids. Exposed to high heat, hydrogen gas, and a metal catalyst.
  • Used in early 1900's to make "Crisco," but later used to make margarine.
  • Partial hydrogenation is most commo; some unsaturated bonds remain at end of process.
Term
cis- vs. trans- unsaturated fatty acids
Definition
  • trans- fatty acids more likely to be used to form colestrol.
  • most natural fatty acids are cis-
  • partial hydrogenation causes most trans- fat
Term
Advantages and disadvantages to trans- fatty acids
Definition
Advantages:
  • longer shelf life
  • economic
  • incrased "stiffness of food"
  • once believed to be healier; disproven
Disadvantages
  • raises "bad" cholestrol; lowers "good" cholestrol
  • increases risk of cardiovascular disease by plaque build-up
  • increased risk of heart attack, stroke, hypertension
Term
List the properties of water.
Definition
a. polarity
b. expands as it freezes
c. cohesion
d. capillarity
e. high specific heat
Term
Explain: Polarity
Definition
Uneven distribution of electrons; has partial negative charge (oxygen) and partial positive charge (hydrogen). Water is thus the universal solvent, and many biochemical reactions requrie substances to be dissolved.
ex. plants cannot use fertilizer without water
Term
Explain:water expands as it freezes
Definition
Water is most dense at 4 degrees Celsius. Water forms crystals and thus floats, preventing larger bodies of water from freezing solid and killing aquatic life.
Term
Explain: cohesion
Definition
Because of their polarity, water molecules are attracted to each other. This allows them to be attracted to each other more strongly than to other substances. This causes surface tension, and explains why some insects can walk on water.
Term
Explain: capillarity
Definition
The ability of water to climb up narrow tubes due to cohesion (water being attracted to itself) and adhesion (water being attracted to other surfaces).
ex. water traveling up the roots of plants.
Term

Explain: high specific heat

Definition
The ability of water to absorb high amounts of heat without changing temperature drastically.
ex. warm blooded animals keeping constant body temperature.
Term
Explain: adhesion
Definition
The tendency of water to be attracted to other surfaces.
Term
Define: organic compound
Definition
A compound containg carbon (& hydrogen).
ex. glucose
Term
Define: inorganic compound
Definition
A compound not containing carbon (& hydrogen)
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