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Bio AP #1
Chapter 43
59
Biology
12th Grade
10/26/2009

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Term
LYSOZYME
Definition
  • Protective protein (enzyme) that digests bacteria cell walls to destroy the bacteria in eyes and the respiratory tract
Term
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Definition
  • The ingestion of invading organisms by white blood cells
Term
NEUTROPHILS
Definition
  • Phagocytic cells
  • Leukocytes
  • Engulf and destroy microbes sending chemical signals due to damage
  • Short-lived
Term
MONOCYTES
Definition

• Highly effective phagocytic cells

• Circulate in blood for hours, then become macrophages

Term
MACROPHAGES
Definition

• Largest phagocytic cells

• Long-lived

• Effective

• Engulf microbes using lysosome/vacuole combo

Term
EOSINOPHILS
Definition

• Leukocytes that defend against larger invaders

Term
CHEMOTAXIS
Definition

• The migration toward the source of a chemical attractant

Term
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
Definition
  • Destroy infected/abnormal body cells by lysing them
Term
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
Definition

• Defense mechanism triggered by epithelial tissue damage

• Blood vessels dilate and become leaker to improve infiltration of leukocytes

Term
HISTAMINE
Definition

• Chemical signal released by cells in response to tissue injury

Term
BASOPHILS
Definition

• Leukocytes in connective tissue that produce hitamine

Term
MAST CELLS
Definition

• Leukocytes in connective tissue that produce histamine

Term
CHEMOKINES
Definition

• Molecules secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells

• Monocytes that attract phagocytes to injured tissue

Term
PROSTAGLANDINS
Definition

• Messenger fatty acids secreted by all tissues

Term
PYROGENS
Definition

• Molecules released by leukocytes that raise body temperature in order to inhibit microorganism growth and speed phagocytosis

Term
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
Definition

• 20 different antimicrobial serum proteins

• Carry out the steps leading to microbe lysis

Term
INTERFERONS
Definition

• Virus-infected cells secrete these to diffuse neighboring cells

• They are induced to produce virus reproduction-inhibiting chemicals

Term
B CELL
Definition

• Lymphocyte in fully developed bone marrow that makes antibodies

• Mediate humoral immunity

Term
T CELL
Definition

• Lymphocyte in cell-mediated immunity

• Differentiates under influence of thymus

Term
ANTIGEN
Definition

• Foreign molecule that ellicits specific lymphocyte responses

Term
ANTIBODIES
Definition

• Proteins secreted by B Cells

• Effector in immune response

Term
ANTIGEN RECEPTORS
Definition

• Area on lymphocyte that recognizes antigens

• Called 'membrane antibodies' on B Cell

Term
T CELL RECEPTORS
Definition
• Antigen receptors on T Cell
Term
EFFECTOR CELLS
Definition

• Cell that performs response to stimuli from nervous system

• Short-lived clones that combat the lymphocyte's antigen

Term
MEMORY CELLS
Definition

• Clone of activated lymphocyte

• Long-lived

• Specific for lymphocyte's antigen

Term
CLONAL SELECTION
Definition

• Antigen-driven cloning of lymphocytes

• Antigen activates lymphocyte, which then produces clones designed specifically to fight that antigen

 

Term
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
Definition

• Lymphocyte activity the first time an antigen is exposed to the body

Term
PLASMA CELLS
Definition

• Antibody-producing effector B Cells generated by B Cells and T Cells during primary immune response

Term
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
Definition

• Reexposure to an antigen

Term
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)
Definition

• Mark body cells as "self" cells

Term
CLASS I MHC
Definition

• Molecules on nucleated cells

• Work with cytotoxic T Cells

Term
CLASS II MHC
Definition

• Molecules on macrophages, B Cells, and activated T Cells

• Work with helper T Cells

Term
ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS (APC)
Definition

• Ingest and destroy viruses and bactera

• Contain Class II MHC

• Made by macrophages and B Cells

Term
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Definition

• Fights bacteria and viruses with antibodies

• Associated with B Cells

Term
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Definition

• Fights fungi, protozoa and parasites, viruses inside host cells and tissue transplants.

• Associated with T Cells

Term
CD4
Definition

• Binds to MHC II

• Helps join TH and APC

Term
CD8
Definition

• Binds to MHC I

• Helps join TC and infected cell

Term
INTERLEUKIN-2 (IL-2)
Definition

• Helps B Cells become plasma cells

Term
INTERLEUKIN-1 (IL-1)
Definition

• Secreted by macrophage in process of presenting antigen

• Activates TH to produce IL-2 and other cytokines

Term
CYTOKINES
Definition

• Proteins/peptides that stimulate other lymphocytes

Term
TUMOR ANTIGEN
Definition

• Foreign identified antigens

• Associated with MHC I and TC

Term
T-DEPENDENT ANTIGENS
Definition

• Require TH Cells to stimulate antibody productions

Term
T-INDEPENDENT ANTIGENS
Definition

• TH Cells not required

Term
EPITOPE
Definition

• Small portion of antigen that interacts with antibodies

Term
IMMUNOGLOBINS
Definition

• Class of proteins that function as antibodies

Term
LIGHT + HEAVY CHAINS
Definition

• Polypeptide chains that make up antibodies

Term
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Definition

• Created in culture

• Come from a single B Cell clone

• Specific for one epitope on an antigen

Term
NEUTRALIZATION
Definition

• Antibody deactivates antigen by binding to it to block activity

Term
OPSONIZATION
Definition

• Antibodies bind to microbe surface to facilitate phagocytosis by macrophage

Term
AGGLUTINATION
Definition

• Bacteria/viruses are clumped, neutralized and opsonized

Term
COMPLEMENT FIXATION
Definition

• Antigen-antibody complexes activate complement proteins, which make pores and lyse cells

Term
MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX (MAC)
Definition

• Formed by complement proteins

• Create pores

Term
IMMUNE ADHERENCE
Definition

• Antibodies and complement proteins attach to phagocyte, which then adheres to blood vessel walls

• Pathogens become easier prey

Term
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Definition

• Depends on response of person's immune system

• Includes vaccination

Term
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Definition

• Antibodies transfered from one person to another

Term
ABO BLOOD GROUPS
Definition

• Combos of A and B antigens on red blood cells

Term
Rh FACTOR
Definition

• IgG antibodies generated

• Positive fetus and negative mother means the fetus will be viewed as foreign

Term
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
Definition

• Degranulation causes blood vessel dilation

Term
HIV
Definition

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus

• Retrovirus infects cells with CD4

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