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BIO 355 - Human Genetics 02
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34
Biology
Undergraduate 4
02/12/2012

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Term
Helicase
Definition
Breaks hydrogen bonds and exposes bases
“If I were an enzyme I would be DNA helicase so I could unzip your
genes.”
Term
Primase
Definition
Primes the strand so the RNA primer can bond
The RNA primer is required for DNA polymerase to work
Term
DNA Polymerase
Definition
Can only work 5’ to 3’ on the new strand
Phosphate : 5’ : first
Term
Ligase
Definition
Seals the Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand together
“Ligase links lagging fragments”
Term
Anaphase
Definition
A stage in mitosis during which the centromeres
split and the daughter chromosomes begin to separate.
Term
Anticodon
Definition
A group of three nucleotides in a tRNA molecule
that pairs with a complementary sequence in an mRNA molecule.
Term
Centromere
Definition
A region of a chromosome to which microtubule
fi bers attach during cell division. The location of this gives a chromosome its characteristic shape.
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
The threadlike structures in the nucleus that
carry genetic information.
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
The process of cytoplasmic division that accompanies
cell division.
Term
DNA polymerase
Definition
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of
DNA using a template DNA strand and nucleotides.
Term
Exons
Definition
DNA sequences that are transcribed, joined to other
exons during mRNA processing, and translated into the
amino acid sequence of a protein.
Term
Interphase
Definition
The period of time in the cell cycle between mitotic
divisions.
Term
Introns
Definition
DNA sequences present in some genes that are transcribed
but are removed during processing and therefore are
not present in mature mRNA.
Term
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Definition
A single-stranded complementary
copy of the nucleotide sequence in a gene.
Term
Metaphase
Definition
A stage in mitosis during which the chromosomes
move and become arranged near the middle of the
cell.
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Form of cell division that produces two cells, each
of which has the same complement of chromosomes as the
parent cell.
Term
Peptide bond
Definition
A covalent chemical link between the carboxyl
group of one amino acid and the amino group of another
amino acid.
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
A molecule made of amino acids joined together
by peptide bonds.
Term
Promoter region
Definition
A region of a DNA molecule to which
RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.
Term
Prophase
Definition
A stage in mitosis during which the chromosomes
become visible and split longitudinally except at the
centromere.
Term
Purine
Definition
A class of double-ringed organic bases found in nucleic
acids.
Term
Pyrimidine
Definition
A class of single-ringed organic bases found in
nucleic acids.
Term
Recombinant DNA technology
Definition
A series of techniques in
which DNA fragments from an organism are linked to selfreplicating
vectors to create recombinant DNA molecules,
which are replicated or cloned, in a host cell.
Term
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Definition
RNA molecules that form part of
the ribosome.
Term
Start codon
Definition
A codon present in mRNA that signals the location
for translation to begin. The codon AUG functions
as a start codon.
Term
Telophase
Definition
The last stage of mitosis, during which division
of the cytoplasm is initiated, the chromosomes of the daughter
cells disperse, and the nucleus re-forms.
Term
Terminator region
Definition
The nucleotide sequence at the end of a
gene that signals the end of transcription.
Term
Transcription
Definition
Transfer of genetic information from the
base sequence of DNA to the base sequence of RNA, mediated
by RNA synthesis.
Term
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Definition
A small RNA molecule that contains
a binding site for a specifi c type of amino acid and a
three-base segment known as an anticodon that recognizes
a specifi c base sequence in messenger RNA.
Term
Transformation
Definition
The process of transferring genetic information
between cells by DNA molecules.
Term
Transforming factor
Definition
The molecular agent of transformation;
DNA.
Term
Translation
Definition
Conversion of information encoded in the nucleotide
sequence of an mRNA molecule into the linear sequence
of amino acids in a protein.
Term
Histones
Definition
DNA-binding proteins
that help compact and fold DNA into
chromosomes.
Term
Chromatin
Definition
The complex of
DNA and proteins that makes up a
chromosome.
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