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Bio 303 terms
Evolutionary Biology
39
Biology
Undergraduate 3
09/21/2011

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Term
phylogeny
Definition
historical relationships among populations or species.
Term
cladogram/ phylogenetic tree
Definition
pictoral "family tree" displaying phylogeny
Term
HIV I
Definition
from chimpanzees, more virulent, more affecting
Term
HIV II
Definition
from sooty mangabays, east african, less virulent
Term
node
Definition
representative of a common ancestor
Term
lineage
Definition
distinct groups that branch off from the ancestral population
Term
microevolution
Definition
natural selection on the individuals of a population
Term
macroevolution
Definition
speciation of different populations
Term
law of succession
Definition
present organisms are found in the same locale as extinct forms that are related.
Term
vestigial structure
Definition
useless or rudimentary version of a body part essential in another related species.
-kiwi wing
-snake spur
-human tail bone
Term
transitional form
Definition
fossil that documents an evolutionary transition from one being to another.
past species intermediate in form. Does not have to be the exact link. Does not have to link an extinct and extinct species, can link extinct and extinct species.
-archeopterix
Term
evidence for decent with modification
Definition
Everything!
-soapberry bugs and shorter beaks
-archeopterix and dinosaurs
Term
structural homology
Definition
structures, (bones), which "match up", or have similar or the same bones, tissues, ect. may or may not perform the same function. Shows descent from a common ancestor with those bones.
Term
developmental homology
Definition
similarities in developmental embryos.
"Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"
-pharyngeal pouches
-tails
Term
molecular homology
Definition
same DNA sequences that code for the same amino acids which may be built into the same, or similar proteins. UGA=stop
Term
Determining Age
Definition
Evolution needs deep time to allow for change to occur over thousands of generations for speciation to occur.
Term
Whales
Definition
-vestigial leg bones
-DNA evidence sequencing and bootstrapping
Term
fossil gene
Definition
gene that has gained so many mutations it is no longer functional, due to lack of use and natural selection not selecting to keep it
-leprosy versus TB
Term
"use it or lose it"
Definition
Tb and Leprosy with fossil genes
Wisdom teeth
Olfactory sense in humans

If you do not need a function, it takes up energy to produce and those energy sources can be better allocated to structures that increase fitness.
Term
natural selection and descent with modification relationship
Definition
Natural selection is a process in play brought about by the phenomena that the most fit to survive and reproduce live and bring more offspring. Nature will shape organisms, if allotted enough time in response to environmental change, to different forms that are better suited to that environment, or they will go extinct. This change over time, evolution, looks outwardly as a descent, through time, with modification, of physical characteristics.
Term
methedological naturalism
Definition
assuming natural forces are the only forces at play and not taking into account supernatural phenomena.
Term
ontological naturalism
Definition
believing nothing else exists and performing research as if nothing else exists other than nature
Term
Why brown gophers in white sands?
Definition
Melanin production in hair thickens hair against sand abrasion.
Term
Evolutionary trade-off
Definition
development of one characteristic may impede in the development of another characteristic, both which may be benificial, however one must invest into one, or the other, or strike a balance.
Gophers, white camoflouge or unabraisive fur. Standing up straight or easy birth. Good depth perception or good predator awarness.
Term
natural selection
Definition
the process where more physically and sexually fit individuals survive and reproduce.
Term
krupas triangle of life
Definition
tradeoff between feeding, fighting and reproducing
Term
finches
Definition
heritability, non random mating,
Term
adaptation
Definition
a trait that is novel or adapted that allows an individual to be more apt at surviving and reproducing
Term
inclusive fitness
Definition
# of offspring you produce
Term
The sesamoid
Definition
adapted in moles for digging
adapted in pandas for grasping
non-adapted in humans
homology-adaptation, evidence for evolution
Term
moles and flying birds
Definition
melanin
sternum for muscles for flying and swimming through dirt.
Term
modern synthesis
Definition
dawrinian postulates + mendel's genetics
Term
snaptomorphy
Definition
characteristic all members of a group share
Term
parsimony
Definition
the simplest explanation is best
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
two species of different origins due to the same environmental stressors evolve to similar forms
Term
analogous structures/ homoplasy
Definition
similar structures yet no ancestral inheritance of those structures
Term
reversals
Definition
reversal of a nucleotide from past nucleotide changes A->T->A
Term
monophyletic groups
Definition
contains all descendants of a common ancestor
Term
paraphyletic groups
Definition
do not contain decedents of a common ancestor. (bad)
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